APPENDIX Synoptic Taxonomy of Major Fossil Groups Important fossil taxa are listed down to the lowest practical taxonomic level; in most cases, this will be the ordinal or subordinallevel. Abbreviated stratigraphic units in parentheses (e.g., UCamb-Ree) indicate maximum range known for the group; units followed by question marks are isolated occurrences followed generally by an interval with no known representatives. Taxa with ranges to "Ree" are extant. Data are extracted principally from Harland et al. (1967), Moore et al. (1956 et seq.), Sepkoski (1982), Romer (1966), Colbert (1980), Moy-Thomas and Miles (1971), Taylor (1981), and Brasier (1980). KINGDOM MONERA Class Ciliata (cont.) Order Spirotrichia (Tintinnida) (UOrd-Rec) DIVISION CYANOPHYTA ?Class [mertae sedis Order Chitinozoa (Proterozoic?, LOrd-UDev) Class Cyanophyceae Class Actinopoda Order Chroococcales (Archean-Rec) Subclass Radiolaria Order Nostocales (Archean-Ree) Order Polycystina Order Spongiostromales (Archean-Ree) Suborder Spumellaria (MCamb-Rec) Order Stigonematales (LDev-Rec) Suborder Nasselaria (Dev-Ree) Three minor orders KINGDOM ANIMALIA KINGDOM PROTISTA PHYLUM PORIFERA PHYLUM PROTOZOA Class Hexactinellida Order Amphidiscophora (Miss-Ree) Class Rhizopodea Order Hexactinosida (MTrias-Rec) Order Foraminiferida* Order Lyssacinosida (LCamb-Rec) Suborder Allogromiina (UCamb-Ree) Order Lychniscosida (UTrias-Rec) Suborder Textulariina (LCamb-Ree) Class Demospongia Suborder Fusulinina (Ord-Perm) Order Monaxonida (MCamb-Ree) Suborder Miliolina (Sil-Ree) Order Lithistida (LOrd-Rec) Suborder Rotaliina (Miss? Perm-Reel Order Choristida (Miss-Rec) Class Ciliata Class Calcarea *Foraminiferan taxonomy is of little meaning above the familial or generic Order Sphinctozoa (UOrd-UCret) level. Order Pharetrones (LPerm-Rec) 653 654 APPENDIX: SYNOPTIC TAXONOMY OF MAJOR FOSSIL GROUPS Class Calcarea (cont.) Class Stenolaemata (cont.) Order Calcaronea (Uur-Rec) Order Cystoporata (LOrd-UPerm) Order Heteractinida (MOrd-LPenn) Order Cryptostomata (LOrd-LTrias) Class Sclerospongiae Order Fenestrata (MOrd-LTrias) ?Order Stromatoporoidea (?LCamb, MOrd­ Class Gymnolaemata UCret) Order Ctenostomata (LOrd-Ree) Order Tabulospongidae (LOrd-Ree) Order Cheilostomata (UJur-Ree) ?PHYLUM ARCHAEOCYATHA PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA Class Regulares Class Inarticulata Order Monocyathida (LCamb-MCamb) Order Lingulida (LCamb-Rec) Order Putapacyatbida (LCamb) Order Acrotretida (LCamb-Ree) Order Ajacicyathida (LCamb-MCamb) Order Obolellida (LCamb-MCamb) Class Irregulares Order Paterinida (LCamb-MOrd) Order Archaeocyathida (LCamb-MCamb) Order Kutorginida (LCamb-MCamb) Order Rhizacyathida (LCamb-MCamb) Class Articulata Order Syringocnematida (LCamb) Order Othida Suborder Orthidina (LCamb-UDev) ?PHYLUM RECEPTACULITIDA (LOrd-MDev)* Suborder Clitambonitidina (LOrd-UOrd) Suborder Triplesiidina (MOrd-MSiI) PHYLUM CNIDARIA (= COELENTERATA) Order Pentamerida (MCamb-UDev) Order Strophomenida Class Hydrozoa Suborder Strophomenidina (LOrd-UTrias) Order Trachylinida (MCamb?, Jur-Rec) Suborder Chonetidina (UOrd-Uur) Order Hydroida (MCamb-Rec) Suborder Productidina (LDev-LTrias) Order Siphonophorida (Ediacar-Ree) Suborder Oldahaminidina (Penn-UTrias) Order Spongiomorpbida (LTrias-UJur) Order Rhynchonellida (MOrd-Ree) Order Milliporina (Danian-Rec) Order Atrypida (MOrd-UDev) Order Stylasterina (Danian-Ree) Order Spiriferida (MOrd-MJur) Order Sphaeractinida (UPenn-UCret) Order Terebratulida (USiI-Ree) Class Scyphozoa Order Thecideida (Uur-Ree) Order Carybdeida (UJur-Rec) Order Coronatida (LCamb-Rec) Order Semaeostomatida (UJur-Rec) PHYLUM MOLLUSCA I Order Lithorhizostomatida (UJur) Order Rhizostomatida (UJur-Ree) Class Amphineura ?Order Conulariida (LCamb-UTrias) Order Palaeoloricata (UCamb-UCret) Class Anthozoa Order Neoloricata (MOrd-Rec) Order Stolonifera (LCret-Ree) Class Monoplacophora Order Alcyonacea (LCamb?, MSil-Ree) Order Tryblidoidea (MCamb-Ree) Order Gorgonacea (UOrd-Rec) Order Cyrtonellida (LCamb-MDev) Order Pennatulacea (Ediacar?, Trias-Rec) Class Gastropoda Order Tabulata (LOrd-UPenn) Order Archaeogastropoda (UCamb-Ree) Order Rugosa (MCamb?, MOrd-UPenn) Order BeUerophontida (UCamb-Ree) Order Heterocorallia (MDev-LPenn) Order Mesogastropoda (LOrd-Ree) Order Scleractinia (MTrias-Ree) Order Neogastropoda (LCret-Rec) Order Entomotaeniata (MDev-Ree) PHYLUM BRYOZOA (= ECTOPROCTA, POLYZOA) Order Cephalaspidea (Miss-Rec) Seven minor fossil orders Class Stenolaemata Class Scaphopoda Order Cyclostomata (LOrd-Ree) Order Dentalioida (MOrd-Ree) Order Trepostomata (LOrd-UPenn) Order Siphonodentalioida (LPenn-Ree) *Position uncertain, may alternatively be a class of Porifera, or a subdivi­ Class Rostroconchia sion of Chlorophyta (Plantae). Order Ribeirioida (LCamb-UOrd) APPENDIX: SYNOPTIC TAXONOMY OF MAJOR FOSSIL GROUPS 655 Class Rostroconchia (cont.) Class Trilobita (cont.) Order Ischyrinioida (LOrd-UOrd) Order Agnostida Order Conocardioida (LOrd-UPenn) Suborder Agnostina (LCamb-UOrd) Class Bivalvia (= Pelecypoda, Lamellibranchiata) Suborder Eodiscina (LCamb-MCamb) Order Fordilloida (LCamb) Order Olenellida (Redlichiida) Order Solemyoida (LDev-Rec) Suborder Olenellina (LCamb-MCamb?) Order Nuculoida (LOrd-Rec) Suborder Redlichiina (LCamb-MCamb) Order Mytiloida (LOrd-Rec) Order Corynexocbida (LCamb-UCamb) Order Praecardioida (LOrd-UTrias) Order Ptychopariida Order Arcoida (LOrd-Rec) Suborder Ptychopariina (LCamb-UOrd) Order Pterioida (LOrd-Rec) Suborder Asaphina (UCamb-UOrd) Order Modiomorphoida (LOrd-UPenn) Suborder Illaenina (LOrd-UDev) Order Trigonioida (LDev-Rec) Suborder Harpina (UCamb-UDev) Order Unionoida (LTrias-Uur) Suborder Trinucleina (LOrd-USil) Order Veneroida (LOrd-Rec) Order Proetida (UCamb-UPenn) Order Myoida (LPenn-Rec) Order Phacopida Order Hippuritoida (LSil-UCret) Suborder Cheirurina (UCamb-MDev) Order Pholadomyoida (MOrd-Rec) Suborder Calymenina (LOrd-MDev) Class Cephalopoda Suborder Phacopina (LOrd-UDev) Subclass Nautiloidea Order Lichida (LOrd-UDev) Order Ellesmerocerida (UCamb-UOrd) Order Odontopleurida (LOrd-UDev) Order Orthocerida (LOrd-UTrias) Order Actinocerida (LOrd-UPenn) Subphylum Chelicerata Order Endocerida (LOrd-LSil) Class Merostomata Order Nautilida (LDev-Rec) Subclass Xiphosuria Six minor orders Order Aglaspida (LCamb-MOrd) Subclass Bactritoidea (LOrd-UPenn) Order Limulida (LDev-Rec) Subclass Ammonoidea Order Eurypterida (LOrd-UPenn) Order Goniatitida (MDev-UPenn) Two minor orders Order Ceratitida (UPenn-UTrias) Class Arachnida (MSil-Rec) Order Phylloceratida (LTrias-UCret) Subphylum Pycnogonida (LDev-Rec) Order Lytoceratida (Uur-UCret) Order Ammonitida (Uur-UCret) Subphylum Mandibulata Subclass Coleoidea Class Myriopoda Order Belemnoida (Uur-Eocene) Subclass Diplopoda (MSil-Rec) Order Octopoda (UCret-Rec) Subclass Arthropleurida (Penn) Order Sepiida (UJur-Rec) Subclass Chilopoda (MSil-Rec) Order Teuthida (UTrias-Rec) Class Crustacea* Three minor orders Subclass Branchiopoda (LDev-Rec) ?Class Tentaculitida (LOrd-UDev) Subclass Ostracoda ?Class Hyolitha (LCamb-UPenn) Order Archaeocopida (LCamb-LOrd) Order Leperditicopida (LOrd-MDev) PHYLUM ANNELIDA Order Paleocopida (LOrd-UPenn) Order Myodocopida (MOrd-Rec) Class Polychaeta Order Podocopida (MOrd-Rec) Order Errantia (Ediacar-Rec) Subclass Cirripeda (Penn-Rec) Order Sedentaria (Ediacar-Rec) Subclass Malacostraca Order Decapoda (UPenn-Rec) Order Isopoda (UPenn-Rec) PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Order Ampbipoda (Eocene-Rec) Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Class Insecta (= Hexapoda)t *Crustacea incorporates many additional arthropods of MCamb and Class Trilobitoidea (LCamb-MCamb, LDev?) younger ages whose affmities are indetenninate. Class Trilobita tInsecta includes more than 43 orders. most with a sparse fossil record. 656 APPENDIX: SYNOPTIC TAXONOMY OF MAJOR FOSSIL GROUPS Class Insecta (cant.) PHYLUM CHORDATA Subclass Apterygota (LDev-Rec) Subclass Pterygota (Penn-Rec) Subphylum Cephalochordata Class Acrania (MCamb?, Rec) PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA Subphylum Vertebrata (= Craniata) insertae sedis Infraphylum Agnatha Class Homalozoa (= Carpoidea, Calcichordata) SupercIass Cephalaspidiomorphi (MOrd-Rec) (LCamb-MDev) SupercIass Pteraspidiomorphi (UCamb-UDev) Class Helicoplacoidea (LCamb) Infraphylum Gnathostomata Subphylum Pelmatozoa Superclass Elasmobranchiomorphi Class Placodermi SupercIass Cystoidea Order Rhenanida (LDev-UDev) Class Eocrinoidea (LCamb-USil) Order Ptyctodontida (MDev-UDev) Class Paracrinoidea (MOrd-UOrd) Order Petalichthyida (LDev-MDev) Class Diploporita (LOrd-MDev) Order Arthrodira (LDev-UDev) Class Rhombifera (LOrd-UDev) Order Antiarcha (MDev-Miss) Class Blastoidea (LOrd-UPerm) Class Chondrichthyes Superclass Crinozoa Subclass Elasmobranchii Class Crinoidea Order Cladoselachii (MDev-UPerm) Subclass Camerata (LOrd-UPerm) Order Pleuracanthodii (UDev-UTrias) Subclass Inadunata (LOrd-MTrias) Order Selachii (UDev-Rec) Subclass Flexibilia (MOrd-UPerm) Order Batoidea (Uur-Rec) Subclass Articulata (LTrias-Rec) Subclass Holocephali (Miss-Rec) Superclass Teleostomi Subphylum Eleutherozoa Class Acanthodii (MSil-Penn) Class Edrioasteroidea (LCamb-Penn) Class Osteichthyes Class Asteroidea (LOrd-Rec) Subclass Sarcopterygii Class Ophiuroidea (LOrd-Rec) Infraclass Crossopterygii Class Holothuroidea (MCamb?, LOrd-Rec) Superorder Rhipidistia (MDev-Perm) Class Echinoidea Superorder Actinistia (= Coelacanthi) (UDev­ Subclass Perischoechinoidea (MOrd-Rec) Rec) Subclass Euechinoidea (UTrias-Rec?) Subclass Actinopterygii Infraclass Chondrostei (MDev-Rec) Infraclass Holostei (UPerm-Rec) PHYLUM CONODONTA Infraclass Teleostei (UTrias-Rec) Superclass Tetrapoda Order