JOURNAL UNMANNED OF AERIAL SYSTEMS Online at www.uasjournal.org Dec. 2017 Volume 3, Issue 1 ISSN 2378-0525 SPONSORED BY uas.sinclair.edu SPONSORED BY uas.sinclair.edu JOURNAL UNMANNED OF AERIAL SYSTEMS TABLE OF CONTENTS About Our Sponsor .............................................................................................. 4 From the Editor..................................................................................................... 5 Peer-Reviewed Article A Comparative Analysis of UAS Crewmember Collegiate Curricula................................... 6 Meta-analysis of Color Conspicuity for Small Unmanned Aircraft......................................23 Cyber Attacks and Defense Framework for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) Environment ...............................................................37 Operational Organization of Small Unmanned Aerial System Physical Airspace ..............59 Assessment of Structure from Motion (SfM) Processing Parameters on Processing Time, Spatial Accuracy, and Geometric Quality of Unmanned Aerial System Derived Mapping Products ......................................................73 Qualitative Comparison of the Slanted Tailplane Configuration in the Indonesian BPPT’s General Purposes UAV ............................................................... 100 Volume 3, Issue 1 3 www.uasjournal.org JOURNAL UNMANNED OF AERIAL SYSTEMS ABOUT OUR SPONSOR Sinclair College National UAS Training and Certification Center Sinclair College’s National UAS Training and Certification Center, located in Dayton, Ohio, represents the culmination of a focused vision dedicated to creating one of the most comprehensive and pioneering facilities for the advancement of UAS training and applied research support. Since 2008, Sinclair College has been at the forefront of UAS innovation, creating partnerships, developing leading curriculum, and investing significantly to establish a nationally prominent program dedicated to meeting the workforce needs of the growing UAS industry. Created through total investments of more than $10 million, Sinclair’s UAS Center provides students and researchers with the ability to work with new UAS technologies in an immersive and hands-on environment. The facility supports research, development, and training on vehicles and components through advanced unmanned and manned simulation, sensors, avionics, maintenance, advanced manufacturing and rapid prototyping, data analytics, and wind tunnel labs. Additionally, indoor flight training and testing is made possible in both the UAS Indoor Flight Range and the custom built UAS Indoor Flying Pavilion. Sinclair actively operates UAS in the National Airspace System, originally through 13 Certificates of Authorization and Section 333 Exemptions and now also conducting operations under the Part 107 regulations. Sinclair strives to remain at the cutting-edge of UAS training and applied research support through collaborations with leading UAS organizations in academia, government, and industry. The college is honored to be included as an partner in both the Federal Aviation Administration ASSURE UAS Center of Excellence and National Science Foundation Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems, maintains active Educational Partnership Agreements focused on UAS with the Air Force Research Laboratory and the Air Force Institute of Technology, has partnered with NASA through a Space Act Agreement, and supports multiple government and industry commissioned UAS applied research efforts. Sinclair also founded and continues to sponsor the Journal of Unmanned Aerial Systems, a peer-reviewed publication that serves the public as an open-access online resource enabling the development and distribution of knowledge for the UAS industry. www.uasjournal.org 4 Volume 3, Issue 1 JOURNAL UNMANNED OF AERIAL SYSTEMS EDITORIAL From the Managing Editor: Dr. Andrew Shepherd Welcome to the third edition of the Journal of Unmanned Aerial Systems. We are pleased to continue to serve as a leading peer-reviewed and open-source UAS resource for those in academia, government, and industry seeking to contribute, share, and learn from each other. Since our last publication, much has changed and improved related to UAS applications and technologies, progress facilitated in some measure by the authors whose work was selected for inclusion in this volume. As always, we are grateful to the dedicated volunteers supporting the Journal as Reviewers, Editorial Board, and Publishing Board members. Without their efforts and high standards this publication would not exist. Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the contributions of our included authors. Their responsiveness, patience, and provision of quality content is a testament to their professionalism. The publication of Volume 3, Issue 1 continues to advance the mission of the Journal of Unmanned Aerial Systems to provide a premier interdisciplinary forum for scholarly dialogue of original research and other salient contribu- tions offered by authors from around the world. We are proud of the impact that the Journal continues to make and are excited as we begin preparations for future publications. Andrew D. Shepherd, PhD – Managing Editor Executive Director and Chief Scientist, Unmanned Aerial Systems Sinclair Community College Volume 3, Issue 1 5 www.uasjournal.org JOURNAL UNMANNED OF AERIAL SYSTEMS PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF UAS CREWMEMBER COLLEGIATE CURRICULA Andrew Wentworth UAS Pilot and Researcher, Alaska Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration (ACUASI) at the University of Alaska Fairbanks ABSTRACT This research was a comparative analysis of undergraduate degree-granting collegiate curricula for unmanned aircraft system (UAS) crewmembers. To keep up with the civil and public-use UAS industry demand for competent unmanned aircraft crewmembers, collegiate curricula are being developed at a rapid pace. However, the absence of Federal Aviation Regulations for certification requirements of crewmembers of any UAS greater than 55 pounds, leads to concerns regarding the standardization of unmanned aviation crewmember curricula. Curricula are com- prised of educational goals, educational experiences to meet those goals, how these educational experiences are organized, and how these goals are verified. This research focused on a comparative analysis of what academic top- ics are taught at 18 colleges offering Bachelor or Associate of Science degrees. All but four of the colleges required some sort of manned pilot certification, all offered hands-on training with sUAS or a simulator; however, two did not have any UAS-specific academic topics. Overall the largest relative variation was found in the UAS-specific topics, as measured by the coefficient of variation between topic-required credit hours.This variation raises concerns regarding student employability, matriculation, and workforce stability. Further research is recommended after the Federal Aviation Administration promulgates regulations for >55-pound UAS crewmember certification, using a larger sample set of colleges with more detailed course content descriptions. Keywords: unmanned aviation, crewmember, education, standardization, collegiate curriculum www.uasjournal.org 6 Volume 3, Issue 1 JOURNAL UNMANNED OF AERIAL SYSTEMS Key Terms (Definitions) Crewmember The FAA defines UAS crewmembers as pilots, sensor/payload operators, visual observers, and any people required for safe flight operations (Fed- eral Aviation Administration, 2013). Curriculum Curriculum is comprised of four parts: (a) educational goals; (b) educa- tional experiences to meet those goals, (c) organization of educational experiences; (d) and verification of elements to meet initially identified goals (Tyler, 1949). Curriculum is the singular form of curricula. Education Education is the cognitive capabilities garnered from learning theory and is primarily focused on understanding concepts (Cross, 1996). In short, it contributes to what you know. Public Aircraft In accordance with 49 U.S.C. 140102(a)(41) and 14CFR 1.1, public use aircraft are those performing noncommercial governmental functions such as national defense, intelligence missions, firefighting, search-and-rescue, law enforcement, aeronautical research, or biological or geological re- source management. Small Unmanned The term ‘‘small unmanned aircraft’’ means an unmanned aircraft weigh- Aircraft ing less than 55 pounds (112th Congress, 2012). Training “Training is measured by what you can do when you’ve completed it” and is primarily focused on attaining skills (Cross, 1996). Unmanned Aircraft An unmanned aircraft is any aircraft without the possibility of human intervention from onboard the vehicle (Federal Aviation Administration, 2015b). Unmanned Aircraft An unmanned aircraft system is the unmanned aircraft and all associated System equipment necessary to operate the system (Federal Aviation Administra- tion, 2015c). Volume 3, Issue 1 7 www.uasjournal.org JOURNAL UNMANNED OF AERIAL SYSTEMS Introduction By 2025, the projected economic growth in unmanned aviation will exceed $82.1 billion and result in over 100,000 new jobs being created, many of which will require unique education and certification (Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International, 2013). This requirement has resulted in a rapid effort to educate and train unmanned aircraft system (UAS) crewmembers to meet the expected demand. Undergraduate collegiate institutions that first establish academic dominance in the unmanned aviation