University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/2442 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. Globalization and Media Governance in the People's Republic of China (1992-2004) By Huaguo Zeng A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Studies University of Warwiclk Department of Politics and Inte Imational Studies July, 2006 CONTENTS Acknowledgments V .............................................................................. Abstract VI ........................................................................................... Abbreviations VII ................................................................................... List Tables Figures VII of and ...................................................................... Notes Text VIII and the ............................................................................... Declaration IX ........................................................................................ CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. China's Media Politics 1980s 2 since the ..................................................... 2. Hypothesis, ResearchQuestions, Definitions 9 and ....................................... .. 3. Measuring Influences Globalization TNMCs 11 the of and ................................ De-regulation Re-regulation 14 and ......................................................... De-monopolization Media Market 15 of ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... De-propagandization Media Culture 15 of ... ... ... ... ... ... ....... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....... 4. Research Strategy Methodology 18 and ...................................................... 5. Outlines Contents 22 of ......................................................................... 6. Contribution 24 .................................................................................... CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW: WHY GLOBALIZATION MATTERS IN CHINXS MEDIA GOVERNANCE I Introduction 27 .................................................................................... 2 Media Governancein Globalization Era 30 the .............................................. 3 Liberal Broker Perspective 38 .................................................................... 4 The ChineseNationalist Perspective 47 .......................................................... 5 The Transnational TransculturalPolitical Economic Perspective 55 and ................... 6 An Alternative: the Institutional FoundationPerspective 61 ................................. 7 Conclusion 70 ........................................................................................ CHAPTER THREE THE MEDIA INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATION SINCE 1992 I Introduction 71 .................................................................................... 2 Media Administration in China 73 ............................................................. 2.1 The Framework Media Governance 73 of ..................................................... 2.2 Mechanisms Operational Control 77 of ........................................................ 3 The Challengesto the ConventionalMedia Governance 78 ............................... 3.1 The Local Flourishing Media Central Monitoring 81 against the ........................ 3.2 The Penetration Gobal Media in China 85 of ................................................ 3.3 The Agreements WTO 88 of the ............................................................... 3.4 The Advanced Communication Technologies 89 ............................................ 3.5 The Claims for Media Legalization 92 ........................................................ 4 The Fading Party-characteristic 96 ............................................................. 4.1 The Changes Media Guidelines 96 of ...................................................... .... 4.2 The Media Industry 100 as an .................................................................... 5 Media Institutional Changes 1992 106 after ................................................ ... 5.1 Bureaucratization Triple-Actor Framework 107 of a ...................................... ... 5.2 Specialization Administrative Institution 114 of ........................................... ... 5.3 Professionalization Media Staff 119 of ..................................................... ... 6 Conclusion 124 .................................................................................... ... CHAPTER FOUR DEREGULATION AND RE-REGULATION: THE BARGAINS AMONG MEDIA GOVERNINGACTORS I Introduction 126 ................................................................................. ... 2 The Institutional Deregulation 129 ......................................................... ... 2.1 1992-1999:The ProgrammeImport TransnationalBroadcasting Stage 130 and ......... 2.2 1999-2001: Foreign Capital PenetrationStage 131 the ................................... ... 2.3 Post 2001: Open-sky 132 stage............................................................... ... 3. Media Diplomacy: CaseStudy Rupert Murdoch 135 of ....................................... 4 Three Groups Market Openness 143 toward ..................................... ... 4.1 The Party: Establishing a Virtual 'Great Wall........................................... 143 4.2 The Cultural Nationalists: Resisting the 'Cultural Invasion. 150 ........................ 4.3 The Media Free the Birds in Iron-cage 156 players: the .................................... 5 Interactions Power Groups 164 among the ..................................................... 6 Conclusion 171 .................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER FIVE DE-MONOPOLIZATION AND PRIVATIZATION: RESTRUCTURING OF THE MEDIA INDUSTRY IN CHINA I Introduction 174 .............................................................................. .... 2 The More Market Dynamism, Less Party Dominance 177 the the ........................ 2.1 Commercialism Engine Change 177 as an of ................................................ 2.2 The IncreasingStrength Private Firms in Publication Sector 182 of the .................. 3 Decentralization De-monopolizationin Television Sector 188 and the .................. 3.1 The Rapid Growth Local Television 189 of .................................................. 3.2 CCTV: WeakenedMonopoly 194 the ......................................................... 4 The Mix of Governmental Deliberation and Market Determination: Media Conglomeration,Cross-media Concentration, Cross-provinceIntegration 197 and ......... 4.1 GuangzhouDaily Group 199 ................................................................... 4.2 China Radio, Film Television Group (CRFTG) 202 and .................................... 4.3 Cross-provinceIntegration 205 ................................................................ 5 Ownership Multi-structured Multi-tiered Mass Media in China 210 of the and .......... 5.1 Party Media in Transition 211 ............................................................... ... 5.2 Public Media 214 ................................................................................. 5.3 IndependentMedia 218 .......................................................................... 5.4 Foreign Media 222 ............................................................................... 6 Conclusion 224 .................................................................................... CHAPTER SIX DE-PROPAGANDIZATION OF MEDIA CULTURE I Introduction 227 ................................................................................ ... 2 The Rise Marginalized Content Decline MainstreamMelody 231 of and the of ......... 2.1 The Domination Programming 232 of Entertairunent-oriented .................................. 2.2 The Adjustment CCTV 236 CaseStudy: of ...................................................... 2.3 CaseStudy: The Miracle Hunan Satellite Television 240 of ................................... 2.4 Tabloidalzation Newspaper 245 of .............................................................. 3 One Servant,Many Masters:Journalist, Journalism, Media Culture 249 and ............. 3.1 The Servantfor Peopleor for the Party: ChineseMedia Performancein the Two Wars 2003 250 of ........................................................................... 3.2 Zola-joumalism the Paid Journalism 260 and .................................................. 3.3 An Alternative: Escapism Hypnotism ChineseMedia Culture 266 and of ................. III 4 The Struggle for Media Freedom: the Case of the Southern Metropolis Paper .......................................................................................... 273 5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 276 CHAPTERSEVEN CONCLUSION: DISMANTLING THE PARTY'S MONOPOLY I Introduction .................................................................................... 279 2 Response to the Research Objectives 280 ...................................................... 3 Dismantling the Party's Monopoly 282 ........................................................