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Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 481061346 USA 8W521-0600 THE ROLE OF MU8LIbd GROUPS IN CONTEMPORARY INDONE8IM NATIOHALISM: A STUDY OF THE NAHDLATUL ULAMA UNDER THE NEW ORDER 1980s- l99b A thesis submitted to the Faculty af Graduate Studier and Research in partial fdilhent of the rs~pkcments forthedepeeoflldrutcrofArt National Library Bibliothbque nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Onawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une Iicence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, priiter, distribuer ou copies of thls thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format ilectronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriite du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent itre imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Auteur : Su'aidi Asy'ari Titre : k rdle des group rnusulmans dam le nationalisme Indonksien contemporain: Une analyse de la Nahdlatul Uama sous I'Ordtr Nouveau durant les anndss quatre vine et quatre vingt dix. Departement : Institut des etudes Islamiqus, Utliversite McGU Ce memoire explore le r61e jou4 par Ie Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), une organisation islamique traditionalle fond& par KH. Hasjim Asj'ari en 1926, dam le diveloppment du nationalisme indonhien. La recherche ilaborcra particuliCrement sur les activites dc l'organisation durant 1'0rder Nouvau (1980s-1990s)suite a l'instauration de la F'ancasila comrne l'unique fondement de tous les partis politiques et autrcs organisations sociales de masse. En tant que la plus grande formation musulmane en Indonhie, le NU a it6 fondde afin dc proteger et de promouvoir Ies intMts des musulmans traditionalistes, qui suivaient Ioyalement l'icole dt penskc Ahlu d-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah. Les doctrines de cctte &ole sont montrks ici cornme ayant largement influend les intMts de l'organisation qui sont i la fois culturels, religieux et politiques. Afh de mieux compnndc It point de vue du NU concernant le nationalisme indondsien, ee mbmoh examinera les trois phases du nationalisme indonbsicn, en cornmencant par l'wsor dt ectte organisation, son implication dam la formation de SCtat indondsicn et de son idblogie ainsi quel l'ipoque suivant linstauration de la Pancasila cornme fondement unique du pays. Dc ces trois phase du nationalisme indonbien, ce memoire ddmontre le r6le significatif jout par le NU durant Its annh quatre vingt et quatre vingt dix. L'example du NU dans son acceptation de la Pancasila cornme son fondemcnt unique a semi d'inspiration a dautres organisations socialcs de masee di pays et a repttscntt une dc ses contributions majeures au bicn4trc de la nation. With the completion of this thesis, I find myself in the position of having to express my indebtedness to a number of people whose material and moral have certainly contributed the realization of this project. First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge the readiness of my thesis supervisor, Professor Howd M. Federspiel and my co-advisor, A. her Turgay, who have given me such valuable advice, comments and criticism throughout the entire course of my research. I have relied on their advice, guidance and all-round assistance, both personal and academic. I count myself been fortunate to have benefited from their kindness and patience. I am also grateful to Ms. Wendy men, Director of the McGill-Indonesia Project, and all the project staff, in both Jakarta and Montreal, who have helped me during the course of my studies. Special thanks are due to Professor Ahmad Nur Fadhil Lubis for having had the kindness to read the draft proposal for this project, and Professor Faisal Ismail, who read the first draft of the thesis itself. Thanks are also due to the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) for awarding mc a scholarship to study at McGill University. My deep gratitude is also due to Dr. Tarmizi Taher and Dr. Abdul Malik Fajar, the former and present Ministers of Religious Affairs during my two years of study at McGill University. They provided me with the opportunity to pursue my studies at this institution. My gratitude also extends to Prof. Dr. H. Sulaiman Abdullah and Prof. Dr. Asafri Djaya Bakri, the former and present Rectors of the State Institute of 1slamic Studies (WN) Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin fambi, for granting me permission to set aside my duties as lecturer for two years. Thanks are also due to the staff of the McGi Indonesia Project and the Institute of Islamic Studies for their assistance bward the completion of my work. I would especially like to thank Susi Ricciardelli, Joanna Gacek, Lori Novak, and Anne Yaxley, for their administrative and mod support. My thanks also go out to the helpful stdof the Library of the Institute of Islamic Studies, e*;pecially Salwa Ferahian and Wayne St Thomas, for their readiness to offer assistance at every stage of my research. I would also like to express my appreciation to Steve Millier and Andrei Pancu for their tireless help in editing my work. It was very often the case that ideas emerged from impromptu discussions with my colleagues, especially my Indonesian colleagues, but it is impossible to mention every one of them here. I should mention, however, four of those whose support was exceedingly important: Masdar Hilmy, Asep Saifuddin Jahar, Mujl'burrahman and Muhammad Munir. Different opinions among us on certain id- actually broadened my knowledge, which in turn also influenced me to reassess previous judgements or conclusions. I bcliwe that every one of us has gained hmthe discussians we had; nevertheless, any statement in this thesis ultimately remains my own personal responsibility. Finally, I must acknowledge that the successful completion of this thesis and the MA program at McGill University are due in largt part to the strong encouragement I rtctived from my family and relatives. Therefore, I humbly dedicate this thesis to my beloved wife, Chodijah Su'aidi, my daughter, Fadhilatul Wikmah, and my son, Haekal a1 Asy'ari. The patience of my wife, who has taken over the responsibility of looking after our two children during my absence, is a great sadice that I cannot repay. I am also indtbted to my mother, Rogayah, and my parents-in-law, Hj. Hamidah and H. Kuris, who @ supported my decision to leave my family for such a long rime. Montreal, May 1999 =gr= NOTE 01 TRIUQSLITP:RATfO# In transliterating the Arabic names and terms in this thesis I have usod the transliteration scheme employed at the Institute of Islamic Studies, McGU University. In dealing with the problem of variations in the spelling of Indonesian namcs and words, I have adopted the following system: Indonesian words, terms and place-namesnot in quotations are spelled in two ways: those which are derived hm Arabic are transliterated according to the rules for Arabic; the remainder are written employing the new hdonesian spelling used since 1972 (for example, Yo*, not Djogjakarta). Organizational names as well as Indonesian words in quotation are spelled in the original form (far example: Boedi Oetomo). For proper names, in quotation or not in quotation, this thesis employs the spelling used by the individual him/herself. The following is a transliteration table from Arabic to English and Indonesian. Arabic English Indonesia Arabic English Indonesia d d J 2 z 3 n n cr S S 3 W W 2 sh SY h h 4 S sh 3 Y Y Long vowels (isj) are indicated by placing a macron above the characters: i,j, @ TABLEOFCONTENTS Abstract ..................................................................................... ii Resume ...................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements .....................................................................