FAMILY Leiognathidae Gill 1893 SUBFAMILY Leiognathinae Gill, 1893 [=Osteostomia?, Equuloidei, Liognathidae] Notes: Name in prevailing recent practice Osteostomia? Rafinesque 1815:85 [ref. 3584] (subfamily) ? Leiognathus [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Equuloidei Bleeker 1859a:353 [ref. 16983] (family) Equula [also Bleeker 1859d:XXIII [ref. 371]; senior objective synonym of Leiognathidae Gill 1893; Equulidae used after 1899, e.g. Evermann & Seale 1907:67 [ref. 1285]] Liognathidae Gill 1893b:134 [ref. 26255] (family) Leiognathus [Liognathus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1; name must be corrected Article 32.5.3; corrected to Leiognathidae by Jordan 1923a:186 [ref. 2421], confirmed by Greenwood, Rosen, Weitzman & Myers 1966:400 [ref. 26856]; junior objective synonym of Equuloidei Bleeker 1859, but in prevailing recent practice; Leiognathidae also used as valid by: Whitley 1932a [ref. 4675], Schultz with Stern 1948 [ref. 31938], Bertin & Arambourg 1958, Lagler, Bardach & Miller 1962, Greenwood, Rosen, Weitzman & Myers 1966 [ref. 26856], Kamohara 1967, McAllister 1968 [ref. 26854], Lindberg 1971 [ref. 27211], Nelson 1976 [ref. 32838], Shiino 1976, Lagler, Bardach, Miller & May Passino 1977, Nelson 1984 [ref. 13596], Jones 1985 [ref. 21842], Smith & Heemstra 1986 [ref. 5715], Whitehead et al. (1986a) [ref. 13676], Robins et al. 1991b [ref. 14238], Nelson 1994 [ref. 26204], Springer & Raasch 1995:104 [ref. 25656], Eschmeyer 1998 [ref. 23416], Allen, Midgley & Allen 2002 [ref. 25930], Springer & Johnson 2004 [ref. 33199], Hoese et al. 2006, Nelson 2006 [ref. 32486], Chakrabarty & Sparks 2008 [ref. 29788], Kimura, Satapoomin & Matsuura 2009 [ref. 30425], Thacker 2009 [ref. 30058], Abraham, Joshi & Murty 2011 [ref. 31311] Allen & Erdmann 2012 [ref. 31980]] GENUS Aurigequula Fowler, 1918 [=Aurigequula (subgenus of Leiognathus) Fowler [H. W.] 1918:17] Notes: [ref. 1396]. Fem. Clupea fasciata Lacepède 1803. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Leiognathus Lacepède 1802 -- (James 1978:141 [ref. 5317], Jones 1985:571 [ref. 21842]). •Placed in Equula by Chakrabarty & Sparks 2008:5 [ref. 29788], corrected by Chakrabarty et al. 2009:149 [ref. 30295]. •Valid as Aurigequula Fowler 1918 -- (Chakrabarty et al. 2008:149 [ref. 32414], Chakrabarty et al. 2009:143 [ref. 30295], Chakrabarty et al. 2010:109 [ref. 31090], Abraham et al. 2011:13 [ref. 31311], Kottelat 2013:339 [ref. 32989], Sparks & Chakrabarty 2015:181 [ref. 33740]). Current status: Valid as Aurigequula Fowler 1918. Leiognathidae: Leiognathinae. Species Aurigequula fasciata (Lacepede, 1803) [=Clupea fasciata Lacepède [B. G. E.] (ex Commerson) 1803:425, 460, Equula asina De Vis [C. W.] 1884:544, Equula cara Cuvier [G.] 1829:212, Equula filigera Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1835:92, Pl. 284, Equula serrulifera Richardson [J.] 1848:137, Pl. 59 (fig. 12-14)] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 5; ref. 4930] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Aurigequula fasciata (Lacepède 1803). Leiognathidae: Leiognathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Palau, Tonga and Samoa, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to Exmouth Gulf (Western Australia), Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: brackish, marine. (asina) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 9 (pt 3); ref. 4899] Cape York, Queensland, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Aurigequula fasciata (Lacepède 1803). Leiognathidae: Leiognathinae. Habitat: marine. (cara) [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Indian seas [Vizagapatam, India]. Current status: Synonym of Aurigequula fasciata (Lacepède 1803). Leiognathidae: Gazzinae. Habitat: marine. (filigera) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 10; ref. 1004] Molucca Islands; Trincomalee, Sri Lanka; Malabar; Seychelles. Current status: Synonym of Aurigequula fasciata (Lacepède 1803). Leiognathidae: Leiognathinae. Habitat: marine. (serrulifera) [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [likely erroneous]. Current status: Synonym of Aurigequula fasciata (Lacepède 1803). Leiognathidae: Leiognathinae. Habitat: marine. Species Aurigequula longispina (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1835) [=Equula longispinis Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1835:94, Equula smithursti Ramsay [E. P.] & Ogilby [J. D.] 1886:11] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 10; ref. 1004] Waigeo, Papua Barat, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Aurigequula longispina (Valenciennes 1835). Leiognathidae: Leiognathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Seychelles, Réunion (Mascarenes) and India east to Palawan (Philippines), north to Gulf of Thailand, south to Onslow (Western Australia). Habitat: marine. (smithursti) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (Series 2) v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 14464] Hood Lagoon, Papua New Guinea. Current status: Synonym of Aurigequula longispina (Valenciennes 1835). Leiognathidae: Leiognathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific (if valid). Habitat: marine. GENUS Leiognathus Lacepede, 1802 [=Leiognathus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:448] Notes: [ref. 4929]. Masc. Leiognathus argenteus Lacepède 1802 (= Scomber edentulus Bloch 1785). Type by monotypy. L. argenteus Lacepède is an unneeded substitute for S. edentulus Bloch. Liognathus Agassiz 1846:203, 212 [ref. 64] is an unjustified emendation (see Briggs 1961:162 [ref. 13439]). •Valid as Leiognathus Lacepède 1802 -- (Tortonese 1973:390 [ref. 7192], Uyeno & Yabumoto in Masuda et al. 1984:158 [ref. 6441], James 1985:397 [ref. 12861], Jones 1985:571 [ref. 21842], Roux in Whitehead et al. 1986:856 [ref. 13676], Smith 1986:620 [ref. 5712], Kottelat 1989:17 [ref. 13605], Ataur Rahman 1989:335 [ref. 24860], Ye in Pan et al. 1991:390 [ref. 23876], Allen 1991:135 [ref. 21090], Woodland et al. 2001:2794 [ref. 26095], Kimura et al. 2003:221 [ref. 27212], Ataur Rahman 2003:366 [ref. 31338], Ikejima et al. 2004:904 [ref. 27755], Sparks & Dunlap 2004:2 [ref. 27928], Kimura et al. 2005:275 [ref. 28424], Hoese & Bray 2006:1178 [ref. 29000], Chakrabarty & Sparks 2008:3 [ref. 29788] wrongly with equulus (Forsskål 1775) as type species, Chakrabarty et al. 2010:114 [ref. 31090], Abraham et al. 2011:6 [ref. 31311], Kottelat 2013:339 [ref. 32989], Sparks & Chakrabarty 2015:181 [ref. 33740]). Current status: Valid as Leiognathus Lacepède 1802. Leiognathidae: Leiognathinae. Species Leiognathus berbis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1835) [=Equula berbis Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1835:85, Scomber equula minimus Forsskål [P. S.] 1775:58, xii] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 10; ref. 1004] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea; Al-Luhayya, Yemen, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Leiognathus berbis (Valenciennes 1835). Leiognathidae: Leiognathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indian Ocean: East Africa and Gulf of Aden and ? east to western Indonesia [if valid]. Habitat: brackish, marine. (minimus) [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea; Al-Luhayya, Yemen, Red Sea. Current status: Synonym of Leiognathus berbis (Valenciennes 1835). Leiognathidae: Leiognathinae. Habitat: brackish, marine. Species Leiognathus bindoides (Bleeker, 1851) [=Equula bindoides Bleeker [P.] 1851:372] Notes: [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 326] Batavia, Java, Indonesia. Current status: Valid as Leiognathus bindoides (Bleeker 1851). Leiognathidae: Leiognathinae. Distribution: Indonesia. Habitat: marine. Species Leiognathus brevirostris (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1835) [=Equula brevirostris Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1835:83] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 10; ref. 1004] Malabar, India. Current status: Valid as Leiognathus brevirostris (Valenciennes 1835). Leiognathidae: Leiognathinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine. Species Leiognathus edwardsi Evermann & Seale, 1907 [=Leiognathus edwardsi Evermann [B. W.] & Seale [A.] 1907:68, Fig. 7] Notes: [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 26 (Doc. 607) (for 1906); ref. 1285] San Fabian, Pangasinan, Luzon Island Philippines. Current status: Valid as Leiognathus edwardsi Evermann & Seale 1907. Leiognathidae: Leiognathinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine. Species Leiognathus equula (Forsskal, 1775) [=Scomber equula Forsskål [P. S.] 1775:58, xii, Leiognathus argenteus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:448, 449, Equula caballa Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1835:73, Equula coma Cuvier [G.] 1829:212, Scomber edentulus Bloch [M. E.] 1795:109, Pl. 428, Equula ensifera Cuvier [G.] 1829:212, Leiognathus obscura Seale [A.] 1901:74, Equula totta Cuvier [G.] 1829:212] Notes: [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] [Lohajæ] Al-Luhayya, Yemen, Red Sea. Current status: Valid as Leiognathus equula (Forsskål 1775). Leiognathidae: Leiognathinae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to eastern Caroline Islands, north to Ryukyu Islands, south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (argenteus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 4; ref. 4929] Tranquebar [Tharangambadi], India. Current status: Synonym of Leiognathus equula (Forsskål 1775). Leiognathidae: Leiognathinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (caballa) [Histoire naturelle des poissons