Note on Transliteration There are a number of transliteration systems for Ottoman Turkish and modern Greek, the two languages that predominate here, as well as for Bulgarian and Ro- manian, terms and names from which also appear from time to time in this book. I have tried to stick with a basic modern Turkish rendering of Ottoman Turkish words and a simplified modern Greek transliteration style whenever possible for termsandphrases.Asfaraspropernames,phanariotsareparticularlyhardtostan- dardize, behaving as linguistic chameleons as much as political ones (e.g., the Soutso/ Soutzo/Suçu/Drakozade/Souzzo family). For the better-known families, I have opted for the most commonly used variant of their name, and for the lesser-known clans, I have tended toward the modern Turkish phonetic rendition whenever pos- sible. For Stephanos Vogorides, I have chosen the Greek variant (rather than Stoiko Stoikov, his original name, the Bulgarian variant of his adult name Stefan Bogoridi, or the Turkish Istefanaki Bey), and I have done so for Kostaki (Constantine) Musu- rus (rather than Kostaki Paşa, Musurus Paşa, or Constantine Mousouros) as well. For nonphanariots, I have opted for the modern Turkish variant of names (Mehmet Ali rather than the Arabic variant, Muhammad Ali, for instance). Finally, when I provide multiple variants for a term, T. signifies Turkish; G., Greek; B., Bulgarian; R., Romanian; and Sl., Slavic. Christians with Greek names were often referred to in Turkish by their Greek diminutive form. Someone named Constantine (Konstantinos) in Greek, for in- stance, would be called Kostaki, the diminutive Greek form, adapted into Turkish. This book abounds with characters such as Manolaki (Emmanuel → Manolis → Manolaki) Efendi, Istefanaki (Stephanos → Stefanaki → Istefanaki) Bey, and Yanaki (Ioannis → Yanni → Yanaki). Not wanting to lose this pattern of linguistic/cultural xi xii Note on Transliteration transmission and adaptation and also not wanting to confuse the reader, I have in- cluded the diminutive nicknames when relevant but placed the fuller name in brack- ets after the first mention of that name. ForplacenamesIhavetriedtostaywiththeTurkishvariant,whichiswhyIre- fertotheOttomancapitalasİstanbulratherthanConstantinople,despitethefact that in the nineteenth century it was commonly known in English as Constantinople. For other places, which lie outside of Turkey today, I have tried to provide the stan- dard national variant (Ioannina in Greece) but have provided the Turkish variant (Yanya) in brackets. Since I have opted for the use of Turkish diacritics, I provide below a guide to Turkish pronunciation: a like o in oz e like a in hay i or İ like ee in meet ı or I like u in muddle o like ow in low ö or Ö like the German ö u like oo in tool ü or Ü like the French u ç or Ç like ch in chimney ğ soft “g,” hardly pronounced ş or Ş like sh in shed RUSSIA to Austria Pruth to Russia R. B to Great Britain E R. Independent states S r S e A t Approximate extent of Ottoman Empire in 1913 HUNGARY s Jassy R ie A Dn B I MOLDAVIA A Sea of D TRANSYLVANIA Azov anu b ROMANIA e CRIMEA BOSNIA R. WALLACHIA CIRCASSIA Bucharest C AUC Ruse (Rusçuk) ASU S M TN BLACK SEA S. ADRIATIC Sofia BULGARIA SEA A EASTERN RUMELIA L B Bosphorus A N Kavala Edirne I A Trabzon Salonika Istanbul/Constantinople Sea of Bursa Marmara ARMENIA Lemnos GREECE AEGEAN IONIAN Kütahya SEA SEA Lesbos Chios Izmir TURKEY/ANATOLIA Athens T Ephesus ig MOREA Samos r is R Navarino . PERSIA Euph rat es R Cyprus . Crete Dodecanese Islands Baghdad Beirut MEDITERRANEAN SEA Jerusalem Alexandria Cairo Map 1. Ottoman Empire, 1683–1913. Habsburg Empire Russian Empire Hotin Ottoman Empire Principality of Transylvania D Moldavia n RUSSIAN ie Wallachia s te EMPIRE r BUCOVINA R i v e BESSARABIA r P ru th HABSBURG R iv EMPIRE e Jassy r Chisinau Cluj MOLDAVIA PRINCIPALITY OF TRANSYLVANIA Temesvar Braçovs Galatsi BANAT Ibrail Babadag Ploiesti be Rive Danu r WALLACHIA Bucharest Craiova DOBRUJA Calarasi Costanza Vidin Silistre Kalafat Yergögu Turtukaya (Tutrakan) BLACK Rusçuk O E SEA T R T O I M A N E M P Map 2. Moldavia and Wallachia, 1774–1812. Habsburg Empire Russian Empire Hotin Ottoman Empire Principality of Transylvania D Moldavia n RUSSIAN ie Wallachia s te EMPIRE Serbia (under Ottoman suzerainty) r BUCOVINA R i v e BESSARABIA r P HABSBURG ru th EMPIRE R iv e Jassy r Chisinau Cluj MOLDAVIA PRINCIPALITY OF TRANSYLVANIA Cetatea Alba Temesvar Braçovs Galatsi BANAT Ibrail Buzau Babadag Ploiestiçs Belgrade be Rive Danu r WALLACHIA DOBRUJA Bucharest Craiova Calarasiç Costanza Vidin Silistre SERBIA Kalafat Yergögu Turtukaya (Tutrakan) BLACK SEA Rusçuk E O R T I T O P M A N E M Map 3. Moldavia and Wallachia, 1812–1829. Habsburg Empire Russian Empire Hotin Ottoman Empire Principality of Transylvania D n Moldavia ie s RUSSIAN Wallachia te r EMPIRE BUCOVINA R i v e r BESSARABIA P HABSBURG ru th EMPIRE R iv e Jassy r Chisinau Cluj MOLDAVIA PRINCIPALITY OF TRANSYLVANIA Temesvar Braçovs Galatsi BANAT Ibrail be Rive Danu r WALLACHIA Bucharest DOBRUJA Craiova Costanza Yergögu Silistre BLACK Turtukaya (Tutrakan) SEA O E T T R O M I A N E M P Map 4. Moldavia and Wallachia, 1829..