Notes 1 Introduction 1. Susan Faludi, Backlash: The Undeclared War Against Women (London: Chatto & Windus, 1992) Chapter 5; Lynne Segal, Straight Sex: the Politics of Pleasure (London: Virago, 1994) pp. 271-5. 2. Contradictions in Rambo are discussed by Yvonne Tasker, Spectacular Bodies: Gender, Genre and the Action Cinema (London and New York: Routledge, 1993) pp. 91-108; and by William Warner, 'Spectacular Action: Rambo and the Popular Pleasures of Pain', in Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson and Paula Treichler (eds), Cultural Studies (New York and London: Routledge, 1992) pp. 672-88. 3. Dylan Thomas, Collected Poems: 1934-1952 (London: Dent, 1952) p. vii: 'these poems ... are written for the love of Man and in praise of God, and I'd be a damn' fool if they weren't'. 4. See Lynda Nead, The Female Nude: Art, Obscenity and Sexuality (London and New York: Routledge, 1992); Marina Warner, Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form (London: Picador, 1987); S. R. Suleiman, The Female Body in Western Culture: Contemporary Perspectives (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986). 5. See Dick Hebdige, 'Towards a Cartography of Taste: 1935-1962', in B. Waites, T. Bennett and G. Martin (eds), Popular Culture: Past and Present (London and New York: Routledge, 1989) pp. 194-218. 2 Approaches to Gender 1. See H. L. Radtke and H. J. Starn (eds), Gender and Power: Social Relations in Theory and Practice (London: Sage, 1994). 2. See Stephanie L. Twin, 'Women and Sport', in D. Spivey (ed.), Sport in America: New Historical Perspectives (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1985) pp.193-217. 3. Beatrix Campbell, Goliath: Britain's Dangerous Places (London: Methuen, 1993) 4. Ibid.,p.319. 5. Ibid., p. 324. 6. Lynne Segal, Is the Future Female? Troubled Thoughts on Contemporary Feminism (London: Virago, 1987) p. 17. 7. Lynne Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London: Virago, 1990) p. xiii. 8. The Costs of Suicide: Ripples on the Pond (Slough: The Samaritans, 1994) pp.4-5. 9. Kate Millett, Sexual Politics (London: Sphere, 1972) p. 329. lO. Roger Horrocks, Masculinity in Crisis: Myths, Fantasies and Realities (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994) Chapter 6. 179 180 Notes 11. D. H. Lawrence, Women in Love (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963) pp. 389 and 224. 12. See Jeffrey Weeks, Coming Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain from the Nineteenth Century to the Present (London: Quartet, 1977). 13. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume I, An Introduction (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990) p. 103. 14. See L. Segal, Straight Sex, pp. 183-8. 15. Leslie Fiedler, Love and Death in the American Novel (London: Paladin, 1970). 16. Wayne Studer, Rock on the Wild Side: Gay Male Images in Popular Music of the Rock Era (San Francisco: Leyland, 1994); Mark Simpson, Male Impersonators: Men Performing Masculinity (London: Cassell, 1994); Marjorie Garber, Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1992). 17. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985); and Epistemology in the Closet (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991). 18. E. Sedgwick, Epistemology in the Closet, p. 186. 19. Mark Simpson, Male Impersonators, p. 4. 20. S. Freud, Three Essays on Sexuality, in On Sexuality, The Pelican Freud Library, Volume 7 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977) pp. 56-7. 21. See for example Michael Warner, 'Homo-narcissism; or Heterosexuality', in 1. A. Boone and M. Cadden (eds), Engendering Men: The Question of Male Feminist Criticism (New York and London: Routledge, 1990) pp. 190-206. 22. S. Freud, Three Essays on Sexuality, p. 86; for a historical survey, see Kenneth Lewes, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Male Homosexuality (London and New York: Quartet Books, 1989). 23. For a description of a non-capitalist culture where sexuality is of great polit­ ical importance, see Maurice Godelier, The Making of Great Men: Male Domination and Power among the New Guinea Baruya (Cambridge: CUP, 1986). 24. Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality and its Discontents (London and New York: Routledge, 1989) pp. 13-14. 25. Louis Althusser, 'Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes Towards an Investigation)', in Lenin and Philosophy and other essays (London: NLB, 1971) pp. 123-73. 26. R. W. Connell, Gender and Power (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987) p. ix; Caroline Ramazanoglu, Feminism and the Contradictions of Oppression (London: Routledge, 1989) p. 14. 27. See L. Segal, Is the Future Female?, pp. 236-46. 28. See particularly David D. Gilmore, Manhood in the Making (London and New York: Yale University Press, 1990). 29. For an extended discussion of the relations between Marxism and anthropol­ ogy, see Donald L. Donham, History, Power, Ideology: Central Issues in Marxism and Anthropology (Cambridge: CUP, 1990). 30 L. Hudson and B. Jacot, The Way Men Think (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1991) p. 49. 31. Ibid., Chapter 4. See also Robert Stoller, Presentations of Gender (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1985). Notes 181 32. Erich Fromm, 'The Method and Function of an Analytic Social Psychology', The Crisis of Psychoanalysis (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973) p. 158. 33. Ibid., p. 155. 34. I am using an approach derived both from Jung, and from structuralist analysis: see C. G. Jung (ed.), Man and his Symbols (New York: Dell, 1973); Roland Barthes, Mythologies (London: Vintage, 1993); James J. Liszka, The Semiotic of Myth: A Critical Study of the Symbol (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989). 35. Richard Dyer discusses this throughout Stars (London: BFI, 1979), particu­ larly section 3, 'Stars as Images'. 36. See Chapter 4, section on 'Jungian Criticism'. 37. For an extended discussion of these aspects of myth, see J. 1. Liszka, The Semiotic of Myth, pp. 164-202. 38. C. Geertz, 'Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight', in The Inter­ pretation of Cultures (London: Hutchinson, 1975) pp. 412-53; T. H. Breen, 'Horses and Gentlemen: The Cultural Significance of Gambling Among the Gentry of Virginia' , in D. Spivey (ed.), Sport in America pp. 3-24. 39. On Roosevelt, see Edward Buscombe, The BFl Companion to the Western (London: Andre Deutsch, 1988) p. 214; on Reagan and the western, see Paul Smith, Clint Eastwood: A Cultural Production (London: UCL Press, 1993)pp. 192-3, 199-205. 40. See J. A. Hawkins (ed.), Explaining Language Universals (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988). 41. Thomas Gregor, Anxious Pleasures: the Sexual Life of an Amazonian People (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), cited in D. Gilmore, Manhood in the Making, p. 10. 42. See Eve Sedgwick's discussion of the 'nature'l'nurture' opposition in Epistemology in the Closet, pp. 40-4. 43. See R. J. Stoller, 'Near Miss: "Sex Change" Treatment and its Evaluation', Presentations of Gender, pp. 152-70. 44. For further discussion of the relations between sex, gender and sexuality, see Lynne Segal, Straight Sex, pp. 245-53 and 267-74; Eve Sedgwick, Epistemology in the Closet, pp. 27-35; and the essays in Sexuality: A Reader, ed. Feminist Review (London: Virago, 1987). 3 Studying Popular Culture 1. See Antony Eastope, Literary into Cultural Studies (London and New York: Routledge, 1991). 2. len Eng, Watching Dallas: Soap Opera and the Melodramatic Imagination (London and New York: Methuen, 1985). 3. Allison James, 'Confections, Concoctions and Conceptions', in B. Waites, T. Bennett and G. Martin (eds), Popular Culture: Past and Present, pp.294-307. 4. Dick Hebdige, Subculture: The Meaning of Style (London and New York: Routledge, 1979) p. 2. 5. See Dave Rimmer, Like Punk Never Happened: Culture Club and the New Pop (London: Faber and Faber, 1985). 182 Notes 6. F. de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966) p. 120. 7. Jonathan Culler, Saussure (Glasgow: Fontana, 1976) pp. 24-6. 8. F. de Saussure, Course, p. 113. 9. Pierre Bourdieu, 'The Historical Genesis of a Pure Aesthetic', in The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993) p. 259. 10. Ibid., pp. 259-61. 11. Janet Thumim, Celluloid Sisters: Women and Popular Cinema (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992) p. 148. 12. S. Faludi, Backlash, Chapter 5. 13. Sigmund Freud, lokes and their Relation to the Unconscious (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976). 14. Graeme Turner, British Cultural Studies: an Introduction (New York: Routledge, 1992) p. 65; Turner summarizes hegemony, pp. 65-7. 15. Leon Trotsky, Collected Writings and Speeches on Britain, Volume One (London: New Park, 1974) p. 15. 16. See the chapter 'Big Tits!' in Mark Simpson's Male Impersonators, pp.21-44. 17. Lucy Fischer, Shot/Counter-Shot: Film Tradition and Women's Cinema (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1989). 18. Laura Mulvey, 'Afterthoughts on "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema" inspired by Duel in the Sun', in E. Ann Kaplan (ed.), Psychoanalysis and Cinema (New York and London: Routledge, 1990) pp. 24-35. 19. This debate is summarized in G. Turner, British Cultural Studies, pp. 106-10. On soaps see len Eng, Watching 'Dallas'; also Tania Modleski, Loving with a Vengeance: Mass-Produced Fantasies for Women (New York and London: Routledge, 1990). 20. On gay fans of actions films, see Yvonne Tasker, Spectacular Bodies, pp. 127-8, 154-5, 162-4; on gay metal fans, see Robert Walser, Running with the Devil: Power, Gender and Madness in Heavy Metal Music (Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1993) pp. 115-16. 21. See Angela McRobbie (ed.), Zoot Suits and Second-Hand Dresses: An Anthology of Fashion and Music (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1989) Part II, 'Transgressions', pp. 121-80. 22. See, for example, L. C. Knights, An Approach to 'Hamlet' (London: Chatto & Windus, 1964). 23. D. W. Winnicott, Playing and Reality (Harrnondsworth: Penguin, 1986). 24. See, for example, M. Masud R. Khan, 'The Empty Headed', in Hidden Selves: Between Theory and Practice in Psychoanalysis (London: Maresfield, 1989) pp. 134-5. 25. D. W. Winnicott, 'Playing: Creative Activity and the Search for the Self' in Playing and Reality, pp.