• ESSEX is one of the metropolitan ,hil'es and takes its The Thames flows through London to the :Sorth Sea, name· from the commonwealth of the }:a:O;t .Saxons (one h;n-iug several quay~, but no great haven on the Essex • of tbe English hordes which settled in South Britain), shore, and the limits of the port of London extend to and of which Mid<lle;ex, London anu Hertfordshire after- . Haveugore creek in this county. The Lee, and its head, wards furmeu part. _\fter the }:usl<arrlian,; and Celts ' the Stort, are navigable, pa.;;sing through Bishop Stort­ had been driven out, }:s<e:>: was held by the Belgic tribe furd, Harlow and \Valtham Abbey; the Roding rises in of the Trinobantes until the Roman inroad. Of the 1 Easton Park, near Dunrnow, and flows south for about 36 Romans it wa_o; a great :seat and here wa.s- their city uf \ ntile,; past Ongar to llford, where it becomes- navigable, Camulodunun1. The 1\'Plch, again becoming nla.-;ters, ] and, pa~sing Barking, joins the 'l,hame~: the Bourne were driven out by the }~ast Saxon:-;. The chief dans ~ hrook, 12 n1iles long-, falls into the Than1es at Dagenham: concerned in the ~ettlen1ent u·ere the-· 'rilling, Halling, the Ingerbuurne rise5 in South lVeald and falls into the_ . Denning, Thnrring, BPmrin~, Billing, Htll'uing, ~Ianning, Than1es near Uainham: the Marditch, 12 mile3> long; Totting, Bucking- ~and lhumiug, being the smue as tlwse fo1·ms a creek at Purfieet: the Crouch, 25 miles long, engaged in the settlement of East .!uglia. In 823 it carne waters south-east Essex and is navigable from Hull Bridge under the sway uf the \\'est Saxuns under }~gbert, tbough I tu the ~orth Sea; Bumham is its port: the Brornhill is a. more thau ouce givPu np to the Danes. crPPk, 10 1nile~ long, aiHl navigable fur 7 ri1iles to near The county is uf an irregular shape, being in its Rochford: the river Chelmer, -1-6 mi1es long, I'ising in the greatest length, frun1 north-east_ to .5outh-wes~~ 63 ~Iile.~, \north-west_ near Debden, and. fi~wing south~ passes Dun­ ·lnd from north to •unth 48 mile,;. By the •• Con!irma- , mow and Chelmsford, where 1t 1s made nangable, thenct. '!ion Act (~o. q), 1895.'' the parishes uf Heydon, Great I east to Maldon Ots port), receiving the Ter, 13 miles long, piishaU a~d ~ittle Chi shall and part"< of those of Haver- 1 the \~id and Cann, q miles .lo~~· and the Sandon Br~k, bill and Kedmgton were tran,ferred, the hr.,t three to ro miles long; near :Maldon 1t JOillS the Blackwater, which l"ambridgeshire ami the two last to Suffolk, and th<> cuunty has fur it> feeder the Pods brook: the Colne, 35 miles long, Dow contajns 979,585 acres, 1Jein_e the tenth English shire ri~es on the northern border near Birdbrookt becon1es for size. In 188I its population was 576,43-+; and in navigable at Colchester, anll t•eceiving the Roman river, 18gr was 78+258; males, 389,949; females, 394,309; I flows into the :-<orth Sea: the Holland creek falls into the the number of inhabited houses in r8g1 was 146,047; ::>orth Sea at Little Holland: the Stom· is about 50 miles miinhabited, 9,6g8 ; being built, 1,354- On the cast and long, becomes navigable at Sudbury and pa>ses the ports south-east the c<mnty is honncled hy the ~o1'th Sea; on of :Manningtree and Harwich to the ~o1·th Sea: in the tb .. south by the Thames, which liows between it and I north-west the Cam and Slade brooks pass into Cam- ~ent; on the. west hy the L~e against ::\iiddlese::.: and by J·bridgeshire. · t~~ Stort agamst Hertfunblme: un t'he I~orth, l~y .Cam-~ , The railw~1ys in this count! are controlled _by t_he Great hndge ~nul on the nmt.h-ea~t hy the. :-:;tout, :-o.l-'IMI.ahng It }....a.~ tern railway, and oon.s.1st of two mmn line.s and 1 from Sufiolk. Ou the east the shore is broken hy the numerous branches. The principal line from Loudon to deep friths aml creeks of the. Stonr, CulnP., Blackwater, (.~a In bridge runs along the western side of this county Crouch mul Thauu•s autl hy tht~- inlet~ l'tJUHll Hor:;ey, anrl the eastern of Hertford>hire, from Tottenham tu .Mersea and HavPngure i:-:Jands. Bishop Stortford, and then cuts acros,; the north-\wst Time of High 'Yater on the l'ull awl L'lmage of the :\'loon ! angle of Esse::.: to Chesterford and thence to Cambridge: at the fulluwiug place~ ou the coast of Essex:- 1 the branches from this line are one fl'Om Broxbourne to I HitTh,., 'Yare and Hertford, from which again a branch leaving I Water 1-GJ S.E. * , St. Margarets goes to Buntiugford, these two branches PL.lCJ-:. Full & [ !wing aetually in Hertfordshire ; one from Bishop Stort­ <~hange. Hprings. · Xeaps. \ fnnl g-uing due east through Dunmow to Braintree, and ... --. ~---·-·-- -, h. Jll. feet. ,-f-t-ee .. I then south-east until. it J"oins the Ipswich line at \Vitham, l Harwich Harbour --------·--------- 0 6 I I -;,o- 9} ami a third branch leaves 'Yeetlen;; Ambo and runs through Orwell River, Pimnill ............ 0 20 12 Saffron ·walden to the Haverhill and Sudburv line. '.fhe I • Orwelllti,·er, llownham Reach. 0 27 12 I • other main line, that to Ipswich, :Sorwich &c. enters the Orwell H.i.-er, Ipswich ........... 0 35 ,;tonr River, \Vrabness ........... 0 29 12 county at Stratford, where two short branch lines go Stour River, Mistley Quay .•.... 0 48 north to Chingford awl Chipping Ongat· and one south to stour River, Cattawatlc Bridge. I 1 8 I \ ~orth \Voolwich. The main line passe> through RomfOTd, 1·rhe Naze ............................. 0 ,,- 10 Ingatestone, Che]m,<ford aud a little· north of Colchester, 'Colne River, Colne Point ..•.•.... noon 1-1 IO :Colne River, Wivenhoe..•..•...... 0 10 ' I- IO mul leaves the county at ).1auningtree; the branche.:; • 'Blackwater River, Scales Point. noon ·' IO Ll-} frum it are one fmm Sheufield to Billericav,• \Yickfonl Blackwater River, Heybridge ... , 0 20 12 3 (where a branch run;; oti to :Maldun, with another leaving 'Chelmer River, ::\Ialdon ......... 0 ~2 10 6 · it at 1Voodham Ferris for Burnham and Southminster) !Guntle,et Sand, N.E. End ........ 11 -10·' 12 3 'CCrouch R:iver, Foulness........... o 5 , q~ 10 ~ Rawley, Rochford and SouthenJ: another branch leaves I rouch Rrver, Hull Brrdge ...... o' 25 , I6 1 I Witham for )'laldon, where it joins the branch from Wick- \M_a_p_l_i_n_L_i_g_h_t_.. _ ... _._-·_·_· ·------·~·-·_- -_·:.-.·_--.__ 0 __ .s_! _I4?E __1~- ford. 'I' he next branch is from Marks 'l'ey northward to *Hy the rise of t.he tide is n1ennt its vertical rise above the Sudbury, where it turns westward and runs along the mean low water level of sp•·ing ti<le.<;. 1 northern hurder of the county a> far as Linton, having a· ESSEX l 2 ESSEX. [KELLY's short branch from Burslow to Saffron Walden and Audley Ingrave, Laindon, Langdon or Laindon ·Hills, Little • • End from St. Botolph on the Ipswich main line: a branch Burstead, Little Thurrock, Mucking, Nevendon, North rnns to 1Valton-on-the-Naze ha>ing <branches from Wi>en­ Benfleet, Orsea, Pitsea, Ramsden Bellhouse, Ramsden hoe to Brightlingsea and from Thm·pe to Clacton-on-Sea, Crays, Shenfield, South Benlleet, Stanford-le-Hope, and from Manningtree a branch runs to Parkestone Quay Thundersley (part of), Yange, West Horndon, West and Harwich. The London, Tilburv and Southend rail- • Tilburv• and Wickford way, which starts from Fenchurch street, passes through Hundred of Becontree: Barking, Dagenham, East the southern part of the county from Plaistow via Barking, Ham, Little llford, Low Leyton, "'althamstow, Wan- Horndon, Pitsea, :!1\orth Benfleet, Southend to Shoelmry- • stead, "'est Ram and 1Voodford. ness, the old loop line of the ·same railway lea,·ing the line Hundred of Chafford :-Aveler, Brentwood, Childer- at Barking, running alongside the river by Tilbury and • ditch, Cranham, Grays Thurrock, Great 'Warley, Little rejoining tl•e new line at Pitsea, while another branch runs Warley, North Ockendon, Rainham, South Ockendon, from Romford to Tilbur• b> Chadwell Heath and Ocken- - • South Weald, Stifford, Upminster, "'cnnington and West don, and the Midland C'Jnnects with these railwaY>.. bv" a I Thurroc-. k · line -~rom St. Pancra;; ,~·ift ~~t~enham a:' d. Fore>t Gate to [ Hundred of Chelmsford :-Blackmore., Boreham, flarkmg. The Come 1 aile, Iailwa> rmh fwm Chappel, oiJ . B fi ld B tt b Cl f d Ch' 11 St J · ... \ room 1e , u- s urY, · te1 ms or , 1gna . ames, the Great Eastern Su<lbnr> branch, rift Castle Reding- Chi II S D. b E t H · fi ld F "' . gna .....,n1ea 1ey, an ur~p' as _ ann1ng e , ryern- ham and Yeldham to Haverhill. 1ng,. G rea t B a dd ow, G rea t L e1g· h s ( par·t o f) , G reat '"n'a- 1 The county has much rich meadow ground on the , tham, Ingatestone, Little _Baddow, Little Leighs, Little shores of the brooks and marsh lands, on the friths and Waltham, Margaretting, Mountnessing, Rettendon, Box­ creeks : on the shore are man~- mar>h islands, like those well, Runwell, Sandon, South Hanningfield, Springfield, of Holland; of these Canvey, hmlne>s, 1Yallasea, Mersea, Stock, West Hanningfield, 'Yidford, 'Yoodham }'errers Hor>ea, Havengore and Potton are the greatest : much of and Writtle. the shore is sheltered against the tides and storms by Hundred of C!avering :~Berden, Clavering, Farnham, dykes and sea walls.