prelims.z3 24/9/01 11:20 AM Page i The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine prelims.z3 24/9/01 11:20 AM Page ii prelims.z3 24/9/01 11:20 AM Page iii The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine SERHII PLOKHY 3 prelims.z3 24/9/01 11:20 AM Page iv 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Serhii Plokhy The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Plokhy, Serhii. The Cossacks and religion in early modern Ukraine / Serhii Plokhy. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Ukraine—Church history. Cossacks—History. I. Title. BR.U P .—dc - ISBN --- Typeset in Plantin by Jayvee, Trivandrum, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by T.J. International Ltd., Padstow, Cornwall prelims.z3 24/9/01 11:20 AM Page v To O, A, and O prelims.z3 24/9/01 11:20 AM Page vi prelims.z3 24/9/01 11:20 AM Page vii Contents ix INTRODUCTION . THE UKRAINIAN COSSACKS . THE RELIGIOUS CRISIS . WARRIORS FOR THE FAITH . ORDER, RELIGION, AND NATION . A WAR OF RELIGION . A HETMAN SENT BY GOD . HETMANS AND METROPOLITANS . IN SEARCH OF AN ORTHODOX MONARCH CONCLUSIONS prelims.z3 24/9/01 11:20 AM Page viii prelims.z3 24/9/01 11:20 AM Page ix Acknowledgments T was written on two continents in the course of a decade that proved crucial in every respect for the lands of Eastern Europe and for the historiography of the region. These changes could not help but influence the character of the present volume. In the late s, when I began work- ing on the book in Ukraine, I had to consider—in view of prevailing cir- cumstances—how to conceal my references to Mykhailo Hrushevsky and to Western historians who did not meet with official approval. By the time I completed the first draft of the work in Canada, I not only had free ac- cess to literature previously inaccessible in the Soviet Union and the op- portunity to cite any author relevant to my theme, but had profited greatly from my work on the scholarly editing of Hrushevsky’s History of Ukraine–Rus’ in English translation. In the course of my work, I have accumulated considerable debts to many people and institutions in both the old world and the new. I would like to take this opportunity to thank those who have given me the great- est assistance in completing this project. My special thanks go to Frank Sysyn, without whose help, support, and encouragement over many years this book either would not have been written or would have been sorely diminished in quality. He was constantly involved in discussions about the book’s content, shared copies of materials from Polish and Russian archives, and attentively read the first draft of the present work. I am also deeply grateful to my colleague Myroslav Yurkevich, an editor of many years’ experience, who offered considerable advice about the con- tent of the book and its bibliography. He patiently and conscientiously edited my English text and translated those portions of the work that were originally written in Ukrainian. I am very grateful to Zenon Kohut for his support and advice given in the course of many discussions about the content and structure of the book. I have also profited greatly from comments by Paul Bushkovitch, the Reverend Iurii Mytsyk, Mikhail Dmitriev, John-Paul Himka, and Peter Rolland on various drafts of the manuscript. Father Mytsyk, Ed- ward Fram, and Tatiana Yakovleva generously shared scholarly materials and bibliographic information, for which I am particularly grateful to them. Andrij Hornjatkevycˇ’s advice on terminology helped me to render numerous Ukrainian, Polish, and Russian ecclesiastical terms in English. I have benefited considerably from discussions on various aspects of the problems treated in this book with Stephen Velychenko, the Reverend prelims.z3 24/9/01 11:20 AM Page x x Borys Gudziak, Natalia Pylypiuk, and Iaroslav Isaievych, as well as with my former professor at Dnipropetrovsk University, Mykola Kovalsky, and my colleagues in the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Natalia Yakovenko, Oleksii Tolochko, and Vasyl Ulianovsky. My work on this book has been made possible by support from several institutions and charitable foundations. I wish to acknowledge particu- larly the support of the Peter Jacyk Centre for Ukrainian Historical Re- search and the Ukrainian Church Studies Program at the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta. I have also derived great benefit from my association with the departments of History and Slavic and East European Studies at the University of Alberta, where I held a Stuart Ramsay Tompkins visiting professorship, as well as from a grant to scholars from Eastern Europe awarded by the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. I offer my sincere thanks to Dushan Bednarsky, who compiled the index, and to Peter Matilainen, who repeatedly helped me solve computer-related problems that arose in the course of my work on this book in Edmonton. Lada Bassa assisted me with the editing of the biblio- graphy. Special thanks are due to Ruth Parr, commissioning editor for history at Oxford University Press, whose interest in my initial manu- script proposal was a great encouragement to prepare the work for publi- cation. I am also grateful to the two anonymous reviewers, whose comments were taken into account in the final revision of the manuscript. All remaining errors and shortcomings are, of course, my sole responsi- bility: the development of computer technology has eliminated the ‘insti- tution’ of typist, leaving authors with no one to blame for their errors but themselves. In conclusion, I wish to express my profound thanks to the members of my family. This book could not have appeared without the constant as- sistance, encouragement, and self-sacrifice of my wife, Olena, and with- out the willingness of my children, Andrii and Olesia, to endure my extended absences on research trips. It is to them that I dedicate this book. intro.z3 24/9/01 10:36 AM Page 1 Introduction Ukrainian Cossackdom, which is first mentioned in historical sources of the late fifteenth century, was one of the social phenomena produced by the existence of an open steppe frontier between the settled agricultural population of Eastern Europe and the nomads of the Eurasian plains. That frontier stretched thousands of kilometers from the Danube estuary in the west to the Pacific lowlands in the east. Different civilizations dealt with the steppe and the dangers emanating from it in a variety of ways. The Chinese sought to protect themselves from steppe attackers with a great fortified wall. States on the European steppe borderland, such as the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Kingdom of Poland, and the Tsar- dom of Muscovy (later the Russian Empire), attempted to create a system of fortified towns to defend their borders. These fortified settlements eventually became bases for the armed Eastern Europeans who adopted the Turkic name of Cossacks. Because of conditions prevailing on the ad- vancing frontier, the Cossacks developed a particular set of social institu- tions, as well as a deeply rooted love of freedom and independence of central government authorities. Besides defending the steppe frontier, Cossackdom became an instrument for the gradual conquest of the steppe from the nomads and for its subsequent economic development. Ukrainian Cossackdom existed for almost three hundred years and was ultimately abolished, along with its autonomous institutions, in the late eighteenth century. The Zaporozhian Sich, the headquarters of the free Cossack domain on the lower Dnipro, was destroyed in . The process came to a head in the s with the incorporation of the Het- manate, the autonomous Cossack polity on the Left Bank of the Dnipro, into the Russian state. The abolition of Ukrainian Cossackdom was part of the general process of centralization in the Russian Empire, made pos- sible by the ‘closing’ of the Black Sea steppe frontier after the victories of Russian arms over the Ottoman Empire, and by Russia’s neutralization and subsequent annexation of the Crimean Khanate, which was the main threat in that part of the steppe frontier.1 1 On the fate of Ukrainian Cossackdom, see the general histories by Günter Stökl, Die Entste- hung des Kosakentums (= Veröffentlichungen des Osteuropa-Institutes München, no.