Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01665-1 — The Physics of Energy Robert L. Jaffe , Washington Taylor Index More Information Index 1st law efficiency, see efficiency, 1st law aeolipile, 246 anhydrite, 662 2nd law efficiency, see efficiency, 2nd law aerosols, 699 anode, 784 air conditioner, see also heat extraction Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), ablation, 369, 719 device, 199 526, 616 absolute zero, 71 analysis of, 243ff Antarctica, 733 absorbed dose, 381 air mass A spectrum, 441 anthracite, 648 absorption, 438 air resistance, 19ff anthropic principle, 417 coefficient, 380, 438, 689 air standard analysis, 206 anti-knock additive, 209, 211 absorption refrigerator, 744 airfoil, 572 anticline, 661 427 absorptivity, 99, ALARA, see as low as reasonably anticyclone, 535 515 abyss, achievable antilinear, 838 AC, see current, alternating albedo, 682 antineutrino, 271 AC power, 50 feedback, 705 antiparticle, 8, 271 ACC, see Antarctic Circumpolar Current alkanes, see paraffins aphelion, 434 acceleration, 13 alkenes, see olefins API gravity, 660 centripetal, 23, 517 alkynes, see acetylenes apparent thermal conductivity, 95 acceptance angle, 455 α-amylase, 506 aqueous solution, 784 acceptor state, 480 α-decay, 313ff Arctic climate, 730 acetylenes, 209 α-particle, 277, 313, 373 Arctic sea ice, 725 acid mine drainage, 653 AM1.5, see air mass A spectrum arenes, see aromatic hydrocarbons acidification (of ocean), 735 americium argon, 75, 102 acidity, 735 241Am, 399 armature, 50, 807 acoustic impedance, 651 ammonia, 673 aromatic hydrocarbons, 209 actinide, 324 ampere (unit, A), 35 as fuel additive, 211 action at a distance, 30 Ampere’s law, 42 Arrhenius clock, 659, 660 activation barrier, 158 Ampere–Maxwell law, 53 Arrhenius equation, 660 activation energy, 660 amplitude, 58 ARS, see acute radiation syndrome active safety system, 353 amylopectin, 497 as low as reasonably achievable activity, 381 amylose, 497 (ALARA), 389 actuator disk, 578 anaerobic digester, 503 ash content, 649 acute radiation syndrome (ARS), 384 anaerobic digestion, 503 asphalt, 658, 660 adaptation to climate change, 736 Anderson–Flory–Schulz distribution, 675 asthenosphere, 622 adiabat, 189, 190 anemometer, 544 Atkinson cycle, 214 adiabatic expansion, 189 angle of attack, 572, 584 atmosphere (Earth), 685ff of air, 191 critical, 573 constituents of, 687 adiabatic index, 80, 190 angle of incidence (of sunlight), 434 global mean (1D) model, 689 adiabatic process, 189 angular frequency, 16 infrared absorption in, 688 adjoint, 838 angular induction factor, 581 atmosphere (unit, atm), 6 advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR), 360 angular momentum, 23 atmospheric boundary layer, see also advanced recovery methods, 663 angular velocity, 22 planetary boundary layer, 539 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01665-1 — The Physics of Energy Robert L. Jaffe , Washington Taylor Index More Information 858 Index atmospheric circulation, 523 β+-decay, 277 Bragg peak, 377, 378 primary, 533 β-particle, see also electron, 373 Brayton cycle, 255 secondary, 533 Bethe radiation formula, 375 breakdown voltage, 34 tertiary, 538 Betz limit, 544, 545, 613, 743 breakeven, 365 atomic (mass) number, 273, 301 actuator disk derivation of, 580 breeder reactor, 356 atomic binding, 171ff ballistic derivation of, 545 fast, 331, 357 atomic mass unit (unit, u), 302 big bang, 416 sodium cooled, 357 ATP, 496 big bang theory, 412 breeding nuclear fuel, 291, 295, 331, 355ff synthase, 496 binary cycle, 632 bremsstrahlung, 364, 377 attenuation coefficient, 374, 380 binding energy, 300, 301 Brillouin zone, 470 attenuation length, 380 of hydrogen atom, 133, 171 in 3D, 477 automobile, see car per nucleon, 308 BTX, 666 available work, 639, 742, 748 biobutanol, 511 bulk modulus, 651 Avogadro’s number, 71 biodiesel, 217, 509 buoyancy, see force, buoyancy axial compressor, 243 biofuel, 504 burner reactor, 356 axial induction factor, 579 first-generation, 508 bus(bar), 814 axial-momentum theory, 578 second-generation, 508 butanol, 511 503 BWR, see boiling water reactor back-EMF, 48 biogas, biomarker, 659 backwork, 255 CO2 abatement, 757 biomass, 502 bagasse, 505 C3 plant, 498 biosphere, 681 balancing region, 824 C4 plant, 498 band, 467 in GCM, 703 cadmium, 491 quantum origin, 468ff bit, 119, 138 cadmium telluride (CdTe), 477, 491 band gap, 473 bitumen, 658, 660 CAES, see compressed air energy storage direct, 477, 490 bituminization, 648 calcination, 173, 176 indirect, 477 bituminous sands, see tar sands, 664 calcium carbonate, 173, 722 barn (unit, b), 325 black body, see also radiation, blackbody, calcium oxide, 173 barrage, see tidal barrage 99, 425 Calorie (unit, Cal), 8 barrel (unit, b), 660 radiative equilibrium of, 447 Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle, barrel of oil equivalent (BOE), 660 black carbon, 700 498 barrier penetration, 283 black hole, 416 camber, 572 barrier penetration factor, 285, 315 black light, 373 camshaft, 205 baryon, 173, 273 black soot, 701 CANDU reactor, 357 baryon number, see also atomic number, blade-element theory, 583 capacitance, 33 301 blowdown, 212 capacitive load, 809 conservation of, 273 BOE, see barrel of oil equivalent capacitor, 33ff baryonic matter, 416 Bohr radius, 133 energy storage in, 794 basalt, 622 boiler, 249 parallel plate, 33 basis vector, 837 boiling, 221, see also phase transition, capacitor bank, 817 bathymetry, 610 vaporization, 223 capacity factor, 461 battery, 784 boiling water reactor (BWR), 357 car alkaline, 785 Boltzmann constant, 73 electric, 788 efficiency of, 787 Boltzmann distribution, 150ff, 151, 473, flywheel in, 795 lead-acid, 786 686 carbohydrate, 497 lithium-ion, 786 Boltzmann factor, 151, 481 carbon nickel-cadmium (NiCd), 786 Bordeaux wines, 395 14C, 393 nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), 786 borehole logging, 650, 662 14C Baumann rule, 639 boron in paleoclimatology, 714 BDC, see bottom-dead-center 10B, 343 carbon capture and sequestration, 736 becquerel (unit, Bq), 381 boson, 155, 270, 289 carbon cycle, 696 Bénard cell, 98 bottom quark, 271, 274 carbon dioxide (CO2), 4, 440 benthic ecosystem, 716 bottom-dead-center (BDC), 205 absorption factor, 698 benzene, 209, 666 bottoming cycle, 256 anthropogenic, 697 Bernoulli’s equation, 238, 558, 561 boundary condition, 105 atmospheric time scale of, 726 β-decay, 271, 275, 302, 316, 326, 377 boundary layer, 95, 221, 564, 565 concentration of, 697 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01665-1 — The Physics of Energy Robert L. Jaffe , Washington Taylor Index More Information Index 859 emissions of, 697 choked well, 639 coal power plant, 654ff ocean and land sinks, 698 chondrite meteorite, 624 emissions, 655 carbon sink chord (length), 572 fixed-bed, 654 land, 725 chord line, 572 fluidized bed, 654 ocean, 725 CHP, see combined heat and power IGCC, 655 Carboniferous period, 649 chromodynamic force, see force, stoker, 654 Carnot cycle, 191 chromodynamic ultra-supercritical (USC), 654 Carnot engine, 191ff CI, see compression ignition coalification, 648 Carnot heat extraction cycle, 200 CIGS, 491 coefficient Carnot limit, 149, 192 circuit drag, 12, 20, 573 catagenesis, 658 primary, 52 drawdown, 636 catalytic cracking, 665 secondary, 52 lift, 573 catalytic reforming, 665 circulation, 563 coefficient of performance (CoP), 199,742 cathode, 784 classical physics, 72 coefficient of void cathode ray, 271 from quantum physics, 131, 408 negative, 353 cathode ray tube (CRT), 395 classically forbidden zone, 282 positive, 353 causal time evolution, 137 clathrate, 671 cogeneration, 246, 257 causally connected events, 410 clay mineral, 722 cogeneration efficiency, 258 CCR, see critical compression ratio climate, 681 coherent waves, 68 CCS, see carbon capture and sequestration past, 710 coke, 653 CdTe, see cadmium telluride predictions, 724 cold air standard analysis, 206 cell climate change collection efficiency, 474 primary, 785 anthropogenic, 714 collective effective dose, 384 secondary, 785 effects of, 729 color charge, 273 cell voltage, 784 time scale of, 725ff combined cycle gas turbine, 254ff, 256 cellulase, 508 climate feedbacks, 701ff combined heat and power (CHP), 258 cellulose, 507 climate sensitivity parameter, 702 combustion, 175 cement, 173 closed surface, 39, 836 of hydrocarbons, 209 center-of-mass frame, 25 closed system, 405 committed effective dose, 383 centrifugal compressor, 243 closed-cycle engine, 183 compact linear Fresnel reflector (CLFR), centrifugation, 398 clouds, 692, 693 461 cetane number, 217 feedback, 705 complex carbohydrate, 497 CFC, see chlorofluorocarbon in GCM, 704 complex conjugate, 837 CFD, see computational fluid dynamics clumping (of nuclear fuel), 343 complex number, 836 chain reaction, 292 CMB, see cosmic microwave background compound nucleus, 328 chalcopyrite, 178, 491 radiation, see core–mantle boundary compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), chaotic system, 704 CNG, see compressed natural gas 457 charge CNO cycle, 424 compressed air energy storage (CAES), conservation of, 38 CO2, see carbon dioxide 778ff density, 31 CO2 intensity, 178 adiabatic, 780 electric, 29 coal, 647ff advanced-adiabatic, 780 magnetic, 41, 42 bituminous, 648 diabatic, 780 absence in nature, 42 black, 648 isothermal, 779 charged lepton, 270, 272 brown, 648 compressed natural gas (CNG), 672 charm quark, 271, 274 proven reserves, 647, 657 compressibility chemical feedstock, 666 quality of, 649 isothermal, 86 chemical weathering, 722 sub-bituminous, 648 compression ignition (CI), 215 chemotroph, 495 type of, 649