- "52 ^ A FLORISTIC REGIONS OF THE WORLD Armen Takhtajan Translated by Theodore J. Crovello with the assistance and collaboration of the author and under the editorship of Arthur Cronquist UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London CONTENTS Editor's Preface xv Author's Preface to the English Translation xvii PREFACE xxi INTRODUCTION 1 I. HOLARCnC KINGDOM (HOLARCTIS) 9 A. BOREAL SUBKINGDOM 10 1. Circumboreal Region 10 1. Arctic Province 12 2. Atlantic-European Province 16 3. Central European Province • 17 4. Illyrian or Balkan Province 21 5. Euxine Province 22 6. Caucasian Province 25 7. Eastern European Province 27 8. Northern European Province 29 9. Western Siberian Province 29 10. Altai-Sayan Province 30 11. Middle Siberian Province 31 12. Transbaikalian Province 32 vti Vtii CONTENTS 13. Northeastern Siberian Province 33 14. Okhotsk-Kamchatka Province 33 15. Canadian Province 34 2. Eastern Asiatic Region 39 1. Manchurian Province 48 2. Sakhalin-Hokkaido Province 52 3. lapanese-Korean Province 53 4. Volcano-Bonin Province 56 5. Ryukyu or Tokara-Okinawa Province 58 6. Taiwanian Province 59 7. Northern Chinese Province 62 8. Central Chinese Province 63 9. Southeastern Chinese Province 65 10. Sikang-Yunnan Province 65 11. Northern Burmese Province 68 12. Eastern Himalayan Province 70 13. Khasi-Manipur Province 73 3. North American Atlantic Region 78 1. Appalachian Province 84 2. Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Province 91 3. North American Prairies Province 95 4. Rocky Mountain Region 99 1. Vancouverian Province 101 2. Rocky Mountain Province 105 B. TETHYAN (ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN) SUBKINGDOM 110 5. Macaronesian Region 112 1. Azorean Province 114 2. Madeiran Province 115 3. Canarian Province 115 4. Cape Verde Province 118 6. Mediterranean Region 119 1. Southern Moroccan Province 124 2. Southwestern Mediterranean Province 124 3. South Mediterranean Province 125 CONTENTS ix 4. Iberian Province ' 126 5. Balearic Province 127 6. Liguro-Tyrrhenian Province 128 7. Adriatic Province 130 8. East Mediterranean Province 131 9. Crimean-Novorossiysk Province 131 7. Saharo-Arabian Region 132 1. Saharan Province 134 2. Egyptian-Arabian Province 134 8. Irano-Turanian Region 135 8A. Western Asiatic Subregion 142 1. Mesopotamian Province 142 2. Central Anatolian Province 143 3. Armeno-Iranian Province 144 4. Hyrcanian Province 150 5. Turanian or Aralo-Caspian Province 152 6. Turkestanian Province 152 7. Northern Baluchistanian Province 153 8. Western Himalayan Province 154 8B. Central Asiatic Subregion 155 1. Central Tien Shan Province 156 2. Dzungaro-Tien Shan Province 156 3. Mongolian Province 156 4. Tibetan Province 157 C. MADREAN SUBKINGDOM 158 9. Madrean Region 159 1. Great Basin Province 165 2. Californian Province 171 3. Sonoran Province 178 4. Province of the Mexican Highlands 183 II. PALEOTROPICAL KINGDOM (PALEOTROPIS) 197 A. AFRICAN SUBKINGDOM 197 10. Guineo-Congolian Region 198 1. Upper Guinea Province 199 X CONTENTS 2. Nigerian-Cameroonian Province 199 3. Congolian Province 199 11. Uzambara-Zululand Region 200 1. Zanzibar-Inhambane Province 201 2. Tongoland-Pondoland Province 201 12. Sudano-Zambezian Region 202 12A. Zambezian Subregion 202 1. Zambezian Province 204 12B. Sahelo-Sudanian Subregion 204 1. Sahelian Province 204 2. Sudanian Province 205 12C. Eritreo-Arabian Subregion 205 1. Somalo-Ethiopian Province 206 2. South Arabian Province 208 3. Socotran Province 209 12D. Omano-Sindian Subregion 209 1. Province of Oman 209 2. South Iranian Province 210 3. Sindian Province 211 13. Karoo-Namib Region 211 1. Namib Province 213 2. Namaland Province 213 3. Western Cape Province 213 4. Karoo Province 214 14. St. Helena and Ascension Region 214 B. MADAGASCAN SUBKINGDOM 216 15. Madagascan Region 222 1. Eastern Madagascan Province 223 2. Western Madagascan Province 223 3. Southern and Southwestern Madagascan Province 223 4. Comoro Province 224 5. Mascarene Province 224 6. Seychelles Province 225 CONTENTS XI C. INDOMALESIAN SUBKINGDOM 226 16. Indian Region 227 1. Sri Lanka Province 229 2. Malabar Province 230 3. Deccan Province 232 4. Upper Gangetic Plain Province 233 5. Bengal Province 233 17. Indochinese Region 234 1. South Burmese Province 236 2. Andamanese Province 237 3. South Chinese Province 237 4. Thailandian Province 237 5. North Indochinese Province 238 6. Annamese Province 238 7. South Indochinese Province 238 18. Malesian Region 238 18A. Malesian Subregion 241 1. Malay Province 241 2. Kalimantan (Bornean) Province 241 3. Philippinean Province 241 4. Sumatran Province 242 5. South Malesian Province 242 18B. Papuan Subregion 242 1. Celebesian (Sulawesian) Province 243 2. Moluccan Province 243 3. Papuan Province 243 4. Bismarckian Province 243 19. Fijian Region 243 1. New Hebridean Province 244 2. Fijian Province 244 D. POLYNESIAN SUBKINGDOM 245 20. Polynesian Region 245 1. Micronesian Province 246 2. Polynesian Province 246 Xtl . CONTENTS 21. Hawaiian Region 246 1. Hawaiian Province 248 E. NEOCALEDONIAN SUBKINGDOM 248 22. Neocaledonian Region 248 1. Neocaledonian Province 253 III. NEOTROPICAL KINGDOM (NEOTROPIS) 254 23. Caribbean Region 255 1. Central American Province 256 2. West Indian Province 256 3. Galapageian Province 256 24. Region of the Guayana Highlands 257 1. Guayana Province 258 25. Amazonian Region 258 1. Amazonian Province 259 2. Llanos Province 259 26. Brazilian Region 259 1. Caatinga Province 259 2. Province of Uplands of Central Brazil 260 3. Chacoan Province 260 4. Atlantic Province 260 5. Parana Province 260 27. Andean Region 261 1. Northern Andean Province 262 2. Central Andean Province 262 IV. CAPE KINGDOM (CAPENSIS) 263 28. Cape Region 263 1. Cape Province 267 V. AUSTRALIAN KINGDOM (AUSTRALIS) 268 29. Northeast Australian Region 270 1. North Australian Province 270 2. Queensland Province 270 3. Southeast Australian Province 271 4. Tasmanian Province 272 CQNTENTS xiH 30. Southwest Australian Region: 273 1. Southwest Australian Province 274 31. Central Australian or Eremaean Region 274 1. Eremaean Province 275 VI. HOLANTARCTIC KINGDOM (HOLANTARCTIS) 276 32. Fernandezian Region 280 1. Fernandezian Province 282 33. Chile-Patagonian Region 283 1. Northern Chilean Province 286 2. Middle Chilean Province 286 3. Pampean Province 288 4. Patagonian Province 288 5. Magellanian Province 289 34. Region of the South Subantarctic Islands 291 1. Tristan-Goughian Province 292 2. Kerguelenian Province 293 35. Neozeylandic Region 293 1. Lord Howean Province 297 2. Norfolkian Province 298 3. Kermedecian Province 299 4. Northern Neozeylandic Province 299 5. Central Neozeylandic Province 300 6. Southern Neozeylandic Province 301 7. Chathamian Province 301 8. Province of New Zealand Subantarctic Islands 301 APPENDIX: List of Families of Living Vascular Plants 305 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 357 General 357 Holarctic Kingdom 361 Paleotropical Kingdom 377 Neotropical Kingdom 390 Cape Kingdom 392 Australian Kingdom 394 Holantarctic Kingdom 396 INDEX 401.