Monographiae Botanicae 107 Monographiae Botanicae 107 Anetta Wieczorek The lichen genus Opegrapha s. l. in Poland: morphological variability, ecology, and distribution Monographiae Botanicae 107 Monographiae Botanicae 107 Ofcial publication of the Polish Botanical Society Anetta Wieczorek The lichen genus Opegrapha s. l. in Poland: morphological variability, ecology, and distribution Wrocław 2018 Editor-in-Chief of the series Zygmunt Kącki, University of Wrocław, Poland Honorary Editor-in-Chief Krystyna Czyżewska, University of Łódź, Poland Chairman of the Editorial Council Jacek Herbich, University of Gdańsk, Poland Editorial Council Idoia Biurrun, University of the Basque Country, Spain Gian Pietro Giusso del Galdo, University of Catania, Italy Jan Holeksa, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland Czesław Hołdyński, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland Bogdan Jackowiak, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland Zbigniew Mirek, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland Valentina Neshataeva, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation Marcin Nobis, Jagiellonian University, Poland Arkadiusz Nowak, University of Opole, Poland Vilém Pavlů, Crop Research Institute, Czech Republic Agnieszka Anna Popiela, University of Szczecin, Poland Lucyna Śliwa, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland Iveta Škodová, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia David Zelený, National Taiwan University, Taiwan Jan Żarnowiec, University of Bielsko-Biala, Poland Editorial Secretary Grzegorz Swacha, University of Wrocław, Poland Managing/Production Editor Piotr Otręba, Polish Botanical Society, Poland Reviewers of the volume Damien Ertz, Botanic Garden Meise, Belgium Laszlo Lőkös, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Hungary Lucyna Śliwa, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland Editorial ofce University of Wrocław Botanical Garden H. Sienkiewicza 23, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland tel.: +48 71 322 5957 email: [email protected] e-ISSN: 2392-2923 e-ISBN: 978-83-950171-0-0 p-ISSN: 0077-0655 p-ISBN: 978-83-950171-1-7 DOI: 10.5586/mb.2018.001 © Te Author(s) 2018. Tis is an Open Access publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits redistribution, commercial and noncommercial, provided that the original work is properly cited. Citation: Wieczorek A. Te lichen genus Opegrapha s. l. in Poland: morphological variability, ecology, and distribution. Wrocław: Polish Botanical Society; 2018. (Monographiae Botanicae; vol 107). https://doi.org/10.5586/mb.2018.001 Published by Polish Botanical Society Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland pbsociety.org.pl Edited with fnancial assistance of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Tis PDF has been certifed using digital signature with a trusted timestamp to assure its origin and integrity. A verifcation trust dialog appears on the PDF document when it is opened in a compatible PDF reader. Certifcate properties provide further details such as certifcation time and a signing reason in case any alterations made to the fnal content. If the certifcate is missing or invalid it is recommended to verify the publication on the series website. Contents 1. Introduction 7 2. Research history of the genus 7 3. Material and methods 9 4. Results and discussion 12 4.1. Numerical analysis of the examined material 12 4.2. Morphological features 14 4.2.1. Tallus 14 4.2.2. Algae 16 4.2.3. Ascomata 16 4.2.4. Pycnidia 23 4.3. Ecology 25 4.4. Geographic distribution 28 4.5. Key to the species of Opegrapha s. l. found in Poland 29 4.6. Species characteristics 30 4.6.1. Alyxoria culmigena (Lib.) Ertz 30 4.6.2. Alyxoria mougeotii (A. Massal.) Ertz, Frisch & G. Tor 33 4.6.3. Alyxoria ochrocheila (Nyl.) Ertz & Tehler 36 4.6.4. Alyxoria varia (Pers.) Ertz & Tehler 38 4.6.5. Arthonia atra (Pers.) A. Schneid. 43 4.6.6. Arthonia calcarea (Turner ex Sm.) Ertz & Diederich 47 4.6.7. Gyrographa gyrocarpa (Flot.) Ertz & Tehler 50 4.6.8. Opegrapha dolomitica (Arnold) Clauzade & Cl. Roux ex Torrente & Egea 54 4.6.9. Opegrapha geographicola (Arnold) Hafellner 57 4.6.10. Opegrapha lithyrga Ach. 59 4.6.11. Opegrapha niveoatra (Borrer) J. R. Laundon 61 4.6.12. Opegrapha saxicola Ach. 65 4.6.13. Opegrapha vermicellifera (Kunze) J. R. Laundon 68 4.6.14. Opegrapha vulgata (Ach.) Ach. 72 4.6.15. Phacographa glaucomaria (Nyl.) Hafellner 75 4.6.16. Pseudoschismatomma rufescens (Pers.) Ertz & Tehler 77 4.6.17. Zwackhia sorediifera (P. James) Ertz 81 4.6.18. Zwackhia viridis (Ach.) Poetsch & Schied. 83 5. Summary of results and conclusions 87 6. References 88 7. Appendix: list of examined herbarium specimens, literature records, and list of surveyed localities 110 About the author Anetta Wieczorek; Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland; email: [email protected] Abstract Tis monograph presents the results of research on the morphological and anatomical vari- ability, ecology, and distribution of Opegrapha s. l. in Poland. Te study is based on roughly 1,400 specimens from Polish and some European herbaria. Out of the 18 species of the genus Opegrapha s. l. recorded from Poland, seven species belong to the genus Opegrapha Ach., four species now belong to the genus Alyxoria Ach. ex Gray, two species each are found in the genera Arthonia Ach. and Zwackhia Körb, and one species belongs to each of the genera Gyrographa Ertz & Tehler, Phacographa Hafellner, and Pseudoschismatomma Ertz & Tehler. One of the species, Zwackhia sorediifera, has been reported from Poland for the frst time. Among the 18 species of the genus Opegrapha s. l., 10 are epiphytic, fve epilithic, and two lichenicolous. Te frst modern identifcation key for the species of Opegrapha s. l. in Poland is presented. Numerous new regional records are provided that complement our knowledge of the geographic distribution of some poorly known taxa, such as Alyxoria culmigena, A. mougeotii, A. ochrocheila, Arthonia calcarea, Opegrapha dolomitica, O. geographicola, O. lithyrga, and Phacographa glaucomaria. All species are characterized and discussed, and their diagnostic characters illustrated. Geographic ranges of each species in Poland are presented on maps based on revised herbarium materials. Keywords lichenized Ascomycota; Arthoniales; Opegraphaceae; Roccellaceae; species variability; distribution maps; Poland Acknowledgments Tis work has been completed due to the kindness of many people. I am particularly grateful to directors, curators, and private owners of herbaria for access to their collections. I would like to sincerely thank Edyta Adamska (Toruń), Urszula Bielczyk (Cracow), Olga Biryukova (Nizhny Novgorod, Russia), Krystyna Czyżewska (Łódź), Stanisław Cieśliński, Anna Łubek, (Kielce), Wiesław Fałtynowicz (Wrocław), Paweł Czarnota (Poręba Wielka), Katarzyna Kolanko (Białystok), Maria Kossowska (Wrocław), Robert Kościelniak (Cracow), Dariusz Kubiak (Olsztyn), Martin Kukwa (Gdańsk), Aleey Melechin (Kirovsk, Russia), Jurga Motiejūnaitė (Vilnius, Lithuania), Eugenia Muchnik (Moscow, Russia), Wiesław Mułenko (Lublin), Maria Olech (Cracow), Žydrūnas Preikša (Vilnius, Lithuania), Ingrida Prigodina-Lukošiene (Vilnius, Lithuania), Alfons Piteráns (Riga, Latvia), Lucyna Śliwa, Adam Flakus (Cracow), Mark Seaward (Bradford, UK), Ulf Schiefelbein (Rostock, Germany), Katarzyna Szczepańska (Wrocław), Andrei Tsurykau (Gomel, Belarus), Michał Węgrzyn (Cracow), and Waldemar Żukowski (Poznań). I owe special thanks to Maciej Rogalski for valuable suggestions and corrections to the manuscript. My sincere thanks are also due to Adam Zając and Agnieszka Popiela, for their great kind-heartedness, continuous tracking of my research progress, and constructive discussions. Besides, I am grateful to Magdalena Bihun, who spent many hours with me on microscopic observations (SEM). Te manuscript was partly translated into English by Sylwia Ufnalska. I would also like to thank anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and valuable suggestions on the manuscript. Funding Tis research was fnancially supported by the statutory funds of the Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Szczecin. Competing interests No competing interests have been declared. Wieczorek / The lichen genus Opegrapha s. l. in Poland 1. Introduction Opegrapha s. l. is a species-rich genus of crustose lichens. Individuals are typically found on the bark of various tree species or on rocks, decaying wood, and thalli of other lichens. Tey are distributed in all climatic zones across the planet. Although it is difcult to assess the number of species of this genus, the Index Fungorum contains about 600 species in the genus, including all synonyms. For most of the last century, a taxonomic concept was used for this genus in Europe, which followed Redinger’s [1] monograph. However, individual species concepts in that monograph did not deviate substantially from those presented previously by Acharius [2,3], Stizenberger [4], or Nylander [5]. Te widespread use of molecular methods resulted in a major change for the systematics of this group. For example, Ertz et al. [6] drew attention to its polyphyly. Moreover, molecular studies resulted in the introduction of a new family, the Lecanogra- phaceae, which included the genera Alyxoria, Lecanographa, and Zwackhia [7,8]. In 2015, several new genera, including Gyrographa and Pseudoschismatomma, were described in an additional study by Ertz et