790820A RAPPOPORT t ANN LITTMANN SOVIET POLICIES TDWARD ITS JNION REPUBLICS A COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF "NATIONAL INTEGRATION". THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, PH.D., 1978 University, Microfilm s International .TOO N / I I U HOAD. ANN AHIJOH. Ml 4H1<K> © Copyright by Ann Littmann Rappoport 1978 SOVIET POLICIES TOWARD ITS UNION REPUBLICS: A COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF "NATIONAL INTEGRATION" DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ann Littmann Rappoport ***** The Ohio State University 1978 Reading Committee: Approved By Philip D. Stewart, Ph.D. R. William Liddle, Ph.D. Loren K. Waldman, Ph.D. M) Adviser \ Department of Political Science Dedicated to the most special Family with all my love. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A lengthy appendix might be in order to adequately acknowledge those persons who provided valuable assistance to this dissertation. Many of their names do indeed appear throughout the footnotes and bibliography of this study. Certain others are acknowledged for the inspira­ tion they provided me through their dedicated teaching. My sincere appreciation goes to my thesis and Major Adviser, Prof. Philip D. Stewart, who supported and somehow tactfully guided this undertaking. I also thank Prof. R. William Liddle and Prof. Loren K. Waldman, for their incisive comments, especially at the time of this study's "debut" presentation. Professor Waldman1s suggestion to investigate the Lieberson Diversity Measure as a means for approaching my compositional problem, made a great independent contribution toward this study while also serving to provide my Entropy Index with additional credibility. In preparing and typing this manuscript, the work of Mrs. Diane Winestock must not go unmentioned. Prof. Paul Rappoport earns my deepest respect and gratitude, not merely in his superlative husband capacity, but also for his not infrequent assistance in the technical application of the Entropy Measure. VITA PERSONAL Name . , Ann Littmann Rappoport Address 114 East Waverly Road Wyncote, Pennsylvania 19095 Telephone 215 884-4155 Date and 10-26-48 Place of Birth St. Louis, Missouri Marital Status Married; 2 children DEGREES A.B. (Phi Beta Kappa) Oberlin College, 1970 Oberlin, Ohio M. A. Department of Political Science The Ohio State University, 197 2 Columbus, Ohio PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMS AND EXPERIENCE 1970-1974 ........... University Fellowship Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1971-1972 ........... Research Associate, Department of Political Science, The Ohio State University 1973 .................. Teaching Associate, Department of Political Science, The Ohio State University iv VITA (CONTINUED) 1975 .................. Lecturer, Department of History and Political Science, Montgomery County Community College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1975-1976 ........... Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Temple University, Ambler, Pennsylvania 1977-1979 ........... Consumer Representative from Montgomery County, Health Systems Agency of Southeastern Pennsylvania FIELDS OF EXAMINATION Major Field: Comparative Politics Adviser, Prof. Philip D. Stewart Nation Focus: USSR and The Peoples' Republic of China Cross National Topics: Political Parties and Political Elites;"Methodology" Minor Field: American Politics— Legislative Politics, Urban Politics PROFESSIONAL PAPERS 1970 "China and the Soviet Union: Problems of Modernization and Mass Mobilization," 1st Prize, Newton Essay Competition, Oberlin College. 1972 "Residuals Analysis as a Tool in Theory Building and Testing: Applied in Study of Soviet Political Elites," The Ohio State University, M.A. Thesis. 1972 "A Research Note: Residuals Analysis and the Model of Soviet Political Elite Mobility," (un­ published paper) Ann L. Rappoport and Philip D. Stewart, The Ohio State University. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION........................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................... iii VITA .................................................. iv LIST OF T A B L E S ....................................... ix LIST OF F I G U R E S .................................... xiii Chapter ONE. INTRODUCTION .............................. 1 Notes--C.hapter O n e .................... 3 TWO. BACKGROUND ................................ 4 I. Salience .......................... 5 II. Context and Premisesof Soviet Policy Toward the R epu b l i c s....................... 10 A. Period of "Consolida­ tion" ....................... 10 B. Premises Meet Anti- Premises: Syn- Prem i s e s ? .................. 17 Notes— Chapter T w o .................... 22 THREE. SOVIET REPUBLICS UNDER WESTERN ANALYSIS: LITERATURE REVIEW ............. 29 I. Political Dimension.. ............. 32 II. Social Dimension ................. 39 III. Economic Dimension................. 44 Notes— Chapter Three ................... 51 FOUR. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ................ 58 I. The Common Denominator .......... 5 9 II. Measurement: Entropy ........... 64 vi Page III. Measurement: Lieberson's Diversity Index ................ 80 IV. Methodology Overview ............ 85 Notes — Chapter ^ o u r .................... 87 FIVE. IMPACT OF POLITICAL POLICIES ............ 89 I. Restating the Political Q u e s t i o n s ....................... 89 II. The Evidence ............. 94 A. Party Membership ............ 94 B. Political Leadership .... 104 C. Russian Political Colonialism........ 112 D. Government Apparatus .... H 7 III. S u m m a r y ........................... 121 Notes— Chapter Five .................... 123 SIX. IMPACT OF ECONOMIC POLICIES .............. 127 I. Restating the Economic Q u e s t i o n s ....................... 127 A. Autarky vs. Trade .... 128 B. "Equality"?........... 135 II. The Evidence ............. 140 A. Concerning Autarky and T r a d e ....................... 140 B. Concerning "Equality" .... 152 III. S u m m a r y ............................ 165 Notes--Chapter S i x .................... 168 SEVEN. IMPACT OF SOCIAL-DEMOGRAPHIC POLICIES .................................. 172 I. Restating the Social Q u e s t i o n s ....................... 172 II. The Evidence ..................... 178 III. S u m m a r y ............................ 205 Notes— Chapter Seven .................. 207 EIGHT. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................... 211 I. Restating Some of the Ques­ tions and F i n d i n g s ........... 211 II. Tying Together the Policy D o m a i n s ......................... 216 III. Significance of this Study . 225 Notes--Chapter Eight .................. 227 vii Page BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................... 228 APPENDIXES A. Tables Relating to Chapter Five ...... 245 B. Tables Relating to Chapter Si x .............. 248 C. Tables Relating to Chapter Seven ........... 256 D. Tables Relating to Chapter Eight ........... 267 viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Entropy Dictionary .............................. 75 2. Diversity Dictionary ............................ 84 3. Komsomol Membership ............................ 97 4. CPSU Central Committee Membership ............ 102 5. Elite Background ................................ 106 6. Leadership Patterns ............................ 107 7. Russian Migration to Non-Russian R e p u b l i c s ........................................ 114 8. Russian Proportions of Non-Russian Republics' Populations ......................... 115 9. Expenditures on Republic Government A p p a r a t u s ....................................... 118 10. Inter-Republic Trade as Percentage of Total Trade Volume for each Union R e p u b l i c .......................................... 14 3 11. Correlations ..................................... 144 12. Net Exporter or Net Importer? ................. 145 13. Trade Activity Pursued by Republics .......... 148 14. Relative Proportions of Republic's Involvement in Import and Export A c t i v i t y ..........................................149 15. National Income Distributions ................. 155 16. Total Budget by Republic ........................158 ix Table Page 17. Education Budget by Republic ................... 159 18. Social-Cultural Budget by Republic ............ 159 19. Investments in the Republican National E c o n o m i e s ........................................ 160 20. Length of Railroad Track by Republic .......... 162 21. Rank Order of Republic RR T r a c k ............... 163 22. Physicians per Capita by R e p u b l i c ............. 164 23. Ethnic Group as Percentage of Titular SSR ...............................................181 24. National Dispersion Ratios ..................... 182 25. Rural Component in the R e p u b l i c s ............... 184 26. Pre-School Enrollments per Capita by R e p u b l i c .......................................... 190 27. University Enrollments per Capita by R e p u b l i c .......................................... 192 28. Dispatch of Air Passengers by Republic .... 193 29. Inter-Republic MigrationPatterns ............. 195 30. Migration Index, 1970 198 31. Immigration and Emigration, 1970, as Percentages of Republican Populations .... 199 32. Long Distance Phone C a l l s ...................... 202 33. Outbound Letters ................................ 203 34. Migration and its Relation to Economic Factors ’.......................................... 218 35. Interkolkhoz Organizations ..................... 221 36. Mixed Marriages, 1970 222 x Russian Population as a Percentage of Republic's Population (Appendix A) . 246 Relative Frequencies of