Family planning (Birth control) By: phD. Nuha Al-Wendawi 2018-2019 Maternal and Neonate Nursing Department b Objectives: To help the students identify methods of birth control and its benefits. Introduction There are a number of methods available to help prevent pregnancy, with some of the most popular including condoms and birth control pills. Deciding which method is right can be tough because there are many issues to consider, including costs, future pregnancy plans, side effects, and others. Family planning allows people to attain their desired number of children and determine the spacing of pregnancies. Benefits of family planning / contraception Promotion of family planning – and ensuring access to preferred contraceptive methods for women and couples . Contraceptive methods / Modern methods Effectiveness How it Method Description to prevent Comments works pregnancy Prevents >99% with Combined Contains two the release correct and Reduces risk oral hormones of eggs consistent use of endometrial contraceptives (estrogen and from the and ovarian (COCs) or 92% as progestogen) ovaries cancer “the pill” commonly (ovulation) used 99% with Thickens Can be used Progestogen- Contains only correct and cervical while only pills progestogen consistent use mucous to breastfeeding; Effectiveness How it Method Description to prevent Comments works pregnancy (POPs) or hormone, not block must be taken "the minipill" estrogen sperm and at the same egg from 90–97% as time each day meeting commonly and used prevents ovulation Health-care provider must Thickens Small, insert and cervical flexible rods remove; can mucous to or capsules be used for 3– block placed under 5 years sperm and Implants the skin of the >99% depending on egg from upper arm; implant; meeting contains irregular and progestogen vaginal prevents hormone only bleeding ovulation common but not harmful Thickens >99% with Delayed return cervical correct and to fertility Injected into mucous to consistent use (about 1–4 the muscle or block months on the Progestogen under the skin sperm and average) after only every 2 or 3 egg from use; irregular injectables months, 97% as meeting vaginal depending on commonly and bleeding product used prevents common, but ovulation not harmful Monthly Injected Prevents >99% with Irregular injectables or monthly into the release correct and vaginal combined the muscle, of eggs consistent use bleeding Effectiveness How it Method Description to prevent Comments works pregnancy injectable contains from the 97% as common, but contraceptives estrogen and ovaries commonly not harmful (CIC) progestogen (ovulation) used Longer and heavier Small flexible Copper periods during plastic device component first months of Intrauterine containing damages use are device (IUD): copper sperm and >99% common but copper sleeves or prevents it not harmful; containing wire that is from can also be inserted into meeting the used as the uterus egg emergency contraception Decreases amount of blood lost with A T-shaped menstruation plastic device Thickens over time; inserted into cervical Reduces Intrauterine the uterus that mucous to menstrual device (IUD) steadily block >99% cramps and levonorgestrel releases small sperm and symptoms of amounts of egg from endometriosis; levonorgestrel meeting amenorrhea each day (no menstrual bleeding) in a group of users Effectiveness How it Method Description to prevent Comments works pregnancy Forms a 98% with Also protects Sheaths or barrier to correct and against coverings that Male prevent consistent use sexually fit over a condoms sperm and transmitted man's erect 85% as egg from infections, penis commonly meeting used including HIV Sheaths, or 90% with linings, that correct and fit loosely Forms a consistent use Also protects inside a barrier to against Female woman's prevent sexually condoms vagina, made sperm and 79% as transmitted of thin, egg from commonly infections, transparent, meeting used including HIV soft plastic film >99% after 3 3 months months semen delay in taking Permanent evaluation effect while contraception stored sperm Keeps to block or cut is still present; Male sperm out the vas does not affect sterilization of deferens tubes male sexual (vasectomy) ejaculated 97–98% with that carry performance; semen no semen sperm from evaluation voluntary and the testicles informed choice is essential Permanent Eggs are Female Voluntary and contraception blocked sterilization informed to block or cut from >99% (tubal choice is the fallopian meeting ligation) essential tubes sperm Effectiveness How it Method Description to prevent Comments works pregnancy Temporary 99% with contraception correct and for new consistent use mothers whose A temporary monthly Prevents family Lactational bleeding has the release planning amenorrhea not returned; of eggs method based method requires from the 98% as on the natural (LAM) exclusive or ovaries effect of commonly full (ovulation) used breastfeeding breastfeeding on fertility day and night of an infant less than 6 months old If all 100 Emergency women used contraception Pills taken to progestin- Does not pills prevent only disrupt an (ulipristal pregnancy up Delays emergency already acetate 30 mg to 5 days after ovulation contraception, existing or unprotected one would pregnancy levonorgestrel sex likely become 1.5 mg) pregnant. Can be used to Women track Prevents identify fertile their fertile pregnancy days by both periods by avoiding Standard 95% with women who (usually days unprotected Days Method consistent and want to 8 to 19 of vaginal sex or SDM correct use. become each 26 to 32 during pregnant and day cycle) most fertile women who using cycle days. want to avoid Effectiveness How it Method Description to prevent Comments works pregnancy beads or other pregnancy. aids Correct, consistent use requires partner cooperation. 88% with common use (Arevalo et al 2002) 99% effective If the BBT has with correct risen and has Woman takes and consistent stayed higher her body use. for 3 full days, temperature at Prevents ovulation has the same time pregnancy Basal Body 75% with occurred and each morning by avoiding Temperature typical use of the fertile before getting unprotected (BBT) FABM period has out of bed vaginal sex Method (Trussell, passed. Sex observing for during 2009) can resume on an increase of fertile days the 4th day 0.2 to 0.5 until her next degrees C. monthly bleeding. Women track Prevents May have to their fertile be used with Sympto- pregnancy periods by Reported 98% caution after thermal by avoiding observing with typical an abortion, Method unprotected changes in the vaginal sex use (Manhart around cervical during et al, 2013) menarche or mucus (clear most fertile menopause, texture) , and in Effectiveness How it Method Description to prevent Comments works pregnancy body conditions temperature which may (slight increase body increase) and temperature. consistency of the cervix (softening). Women track their fertile May have to periods by be used with observing caution after changes in the Prevents an abortion, cervical pregnancy around Sympto- mucus (clear by avoiding menarche or thermal texture) , unprotected menopause, Method body vaginal sex and in temperature during conditions (slight most fertile which may increase) and increase body consistency of temperature. the cervix (softening). Traditional methods Traditional Methods Calendar Women The couple 91% with May need to delay method or monitor their prevents correct and or use with Traditional Methods rhythm pattern of pregnancy by consistent caution when method menstrual avoiding use. using drugs (such cycle over 6 unprotected as anxiolytics, months, vaginal sex antidepressants, subtracts 18 during the 1st NSAIDS, or from shortest and last certain antibiotics) cycle length estimated which may affect (estimated 1st fertile days, timing of fertile day) by abstaining 75% with ovulation. and subtracts or using a common 11 from condom. use longest cycle length (estimated last fertile day) 96% with One of the least correct and effective methods, Tries to keep consistent because proper sperm out of use timing of Withdrawal the woman's withdrawal is (coitus body, 73% as often difficult to interruptus) commonly preventing determine, leading used fertilization to the risk of ejaculating while inside the vagina. Intrauterine Devices (IUD) IUDs are placed by a healthcare provider through the vagina and cervix, into the uterus. The currently available IUDs are safe and effective. These devices include: ●Copper-containing IUD – The Copper-containing IUD remains effective for at least 10 years, but can be removed at any time. The Copper IUD does not contain any hormones. Some women have a heavier menstrual period or more cramps during their period while using a copper IUD. ●Levonorgestrel-releasing IUD – The levonorgestrel-releasing IUD (which is available in different doses) releases a hormone, levonorgestrel, which thickens the cervical mucus and thins the endometrium (the lining of the uterus). This IUD also decreases the amount you bleed during your period and decreases pain associated with periods. While IUDs can be removed at any time, they can be left in place for up to three or five years (depending on type of IUD chosen), but can be removed at any time, and is highly effective in preventing pregnancy. Some women stop having menstrual periods entirely; this effect is reversed when the IUD is removed. Birth Control Implant A single-rod progestin implant, Nexplanon, is available in the United States and elsewhere.