InternalEnemy_7pp.indd 4 7/3/13 12:40 PM T C R, CUMBERLAND LANCASTER BEDFORD YORK Su CHESTER sq PENNSYLVANIA u e h GLOUCESTER a n n HARFORD a CECIL Delaware R. R SALEM FREDERICK . Havre de Grace Frenchtown NEW BERKELEY MARYLAND NEW JERSEY HAMPSHIRE Frederick BALTIMORE CASTLE CUMBERLAND Baltimore Georgetown KENT FREDERICK Chestertown D ANNE ARUNDEL e l Winchester KENT a Poto Kent QUEEN w LOUDOUN ma Island ANNES a c R r . e B Annapolis a y Washington, D.C. CAROLINE TALBOT DUNMORE FAIRFAX PRINCE GEORGE'S FAUQUIER Alexandria DELAWARE PRINCE WILLIAM P a t u CALVERT VIRGINIA x e SUSSEX CHARLES n Benedict t CULPEPER R STAFFORD . C DORCHESTER Rappahanno h ck e R. s Chaptico a SOMERSET p KING Fredericksburg ST. e GEORGE MARY'S CO. a T k ORANGE SPOTSYLVANIA e WORCESTER M N a WESTMORELAND B N tt a a p Nomini Ferry o y O n i Charlottesville LOUISA Kinsale CAROLINE R M . RICHMOND Tappahannock E NORTHUMBERLAND R ALBEMARLE D ESSEX P O amu LANCASTER E nk Tangier ACCOMACK e H y R KING AND Island I HANOVER . S QUEEN GOOCHLAND KING Chesconessex Cr. P WILLIAM BUCKINGHAM James River Corotoman NPungoteague Creek R MIDDLESEX CUMBERLAND York R. Gwynn E E R. E T tox Richmond HENRICO NEW KENT Island at S m MATHEWS H o H p A p JAMES GLOUCESTER A CHESTERFIELD CHARLES CITY E NORTHAMPTON CO. T T CITY Williamsburg New Point PRINCE AMELIA PRINCE GEORGE Yorktown Comfort EDWARD Petersburg YORK NEWPORT DINWIDDIE SURRY NEWS HAMPTON Hampton LUNENBURG ISLE OF SUSSEX WIGHT Norfolk Lynnhaven Bay PRINCESS BRUNSWICK ANNE CO. SUFFOLK NORFOLK MECKLENBURG SOUTHAMPTON Atlantic DISMAL SWAMP Ocean CURRITUCK PASQUOTANK CAMDEN NORTHAMPTON GATES GRANVILLE WARREN NORTH CAROLINA © 2013 Jerey L. Ward HALIFAX HERTFORD Yorktown Town or city GLOUCESTER County name 0 Miles 50 e Fall Line County boundary 0 Kilometers 50 InternalEnemy_7pp.indd 16 7/3/13 12:41 PM InternalEnemy_7pp.indd 12 7/3/13 12:41 PM View of Norfolk from Town Point, 1798. In this watercolor, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, a British vis- itor and artist, depicts Virginia’s leading port busy with shipping. (Courtesy of the Maryland Historical Society) Rippon Lodge, Prince William County, 1796. Latrobe here depicts the home of Colonel Thomas Black- burn, a prosperous planter. (Courtesy of the Maryland Historical Society) InternalEnemy_7pp.indd 16 7/3/13 12:41 PM “But I did not want to go and I jumped out of the Window.” In this engraving, Jesse Torrey, a critic of slavery, depicted a December 19, 1815, episode in Washington, D.C. Imprisoned in a garret by slave traders, the mother sought to escape by jumping out the window, but she suered paralysis from her wounds. Rendered worthless to the traders, she remained behind, but they took away two of her children for sale to the Deep South. From A Portraiture of Domestic Slavery (1817). (Courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society) InternalEnemy_7pp.indd 50 7/3/13 12:41 PM InternalEnemy_7pp.indd 54 7/3/13 12:41 PM An Overseer Doing His Duty, Sketched from Life near Fredericksburg, 1798. In this watercolor, Benjamin Henry Latrobe wryly contrasts the hard-working enslaved women supervised by a cigar-smoking overseer on a stump. (Courtesy of the Maryland Historical Society). addition to an annual salary of $200 to $300, the overseer received a share of the harvested crop: at least a tenth and up to a fourth. Obliged to work long hours, closely supervising often restive slaves, the overseer had to be strong, resolute, and handy with a club and cowhide whip.17 A leading improver, John Hartwell Cocke, owned Bremo, a 3,100- acre plantation in Fluvanna County (in the Piedmont). Although Cocke professed antislavery principles, he ran a very strict planta- tion, codifying his management principles in his “Standing Rules for the Government of Slaves on a Virginia Plantation.” Cocke instructed his overseers: “It is the duty of a faithful, active & indus- trious agent to be the rst on the ground in the morning & the last to leave it at night. You are bound not only to give orders, but InternalEnemy_7pp.indd 63 7/3/13 12:41 PM InternalEnemy_7pp.indd 84 7/3/13 12:41 PM B LOOD 93 Extraordinary Appearances in the Heavens and on Earth. In this 1797 watercolor, Ben- jamin Henry Latrobe presents a “most perfect and singular” rainbow seen on his approach to Richmond. In the foreground he depicted black teamsters struggling with a troublesome horse. (Courtesy of the Maryland Historical Society) tions of which so much has been said in Virginia . originate in the minds of the worst of men for the worst of purposes, namely that of arresting the gentle army of humanity . outstretched for the relief of the slaves and with a design of procuring a repeal of the laws authorizing their manumission.” In the wake of an alarm, hardliners blamed free blacks despite the scant evidence connecting any of them to the plots.20 Rarely can we tell how much re lay behind the dense smoke of slave alarms. The tainted evidence cautions against the credibility of the full-blown, massive, and extensive plots to massacre whites. But it is just as hasty to regard the murky evidence as proof that slave plots were never more than repressive conspiracies by white men InternalEnemy_7pp.indd 93 7/3/13 12:41 PM A Private of the 5th West India Regiment, 1814. Aquatint by I. J. C. Stadler after Charles Hamilton Smith.(Courtesy of the Council of the National Army Museum, London). While allowing the old plantations with slaves to persist on the island, the British ofcials sought to develop a new farming sector with free black settlers. By West Indian standards, Trinidad already had an unusually large proportion of “free coloureds”: 20 percent of the population in 1810. The antislavery imperialists sought to InternalEnemy_7pp.indd 119 7/3/13 12:41 PM InternalEnemy_7pp.indd 144 7/3/13 12:41 PM I NVASION 147 Governor James Barbour of Virginia. (Courtesy of the Library of Virginia) 1812, replacing George William Smith, who had died in the Rich- mond Theater re. Despite modest origins and a limited education, Barbour had thrived as a lawyer and politician, thanks to support from his Orange County neighbor, James Madison, and the Rich- mond power broker, Thomas Ritchie. Conventional on issues of race, he lamented slavery as an evil but did nothing to free his slaves or anyone else’s.5 Leading Virginians did not know whether to mock Barbour’s vainglory or applaud his zeal. Campbell eventually warmed to Bar- bour as far more decisive than the dithering state legislators: “Bar- InternalEnemy_7pp.indd 147 7/3/13 12:41 PM InternalEnemy_7pp.indd 174 7/3/13 12:41 PM The Conspiracy Against Baltimore, or the War Dance at Montgomery Court House. Crafted in 1812 by an unknown Maryland Republican, the cartoon lampoons the state’s Federalists including the newspaper editor and publisher Alexander Contee Hanson, Jr. depicted with the devil’s horns at center. He looms over Robert Goodloe Harper shown playing a harp, as a pun. In the group to the left, the dancing man with a distinctive hat, a military chapeau de bras, is General Henry Lee, a former governor of Virginia, who suf- fered crippling wounds in the Baltimore riot. (Courtesy of the Maryland Historical Society). revolution’s brutal suppression of the Loyalists, Thomas Jefferson boasted that Republican mobs would silence the Federalists. In Nor- folk, a mob fullled Jefferson’s prophecy by tarring and feathering a Federalist before dumping him in a creek.29 The partisan fury peaked in Baltimore, a booming seaport of 41,000 people, most of them Republicans. In late June, Republican mobs tore down the Federalist newspaper ofce of Alexander Con- tee Hanson Jr., dismantled ships suspected of trading with the enemy, and destroyed the homes of free blacks accused of British sympa- thies. A deant Hanson fortied a new ofce with armed guards, including the former revolutionary war generals James Lingan and Henry Lee (also a past governor of Virginia). In late July, the Fed- eralists red into an attacking mob of enraged Republicans, killing InternalEnemy_7pp.indd 187 7/3/13 12:41 PM Admiral Cockburn Burning & Plundering Havre de Grace on the 1st of June 1813; done from a Sketch taken on the spot at the time. At the right of center Cockburn leans on his sword while his marines and sailors loot the village. Note the British barges in the background. (Courtesy of the Maryland Historical Society) plundering (and some burning) of homes as well as stores. Cockburn explained that he sought to bring the people “to understand and feel what they were liable to bring upon themselves by building Batteries and acting towards us with so much useless Rancor.”37 Turning east, Cockburn attacked Fredericktown and George- town, along the Sassafras River of Maryland’s Eastern Shore. On May 6, Cockburn warned that if the inhabitants “offered any useless or irritating opposition, they must expect the same fate as that which had befallen Havre [de Grace] and Frenchtown; but if they yielded, private property would be respected, the vessels and public property alone seized, and that whatever supplies might be required would be punctually paid for.” The local magistrates wanted to submit, but a InternalEnemy_7pp.indd 191 7/3/13 12:41 PM Vice Admiral Sir Alexander F. I. Cochrane, an oil portrait by Sir William Beechey. (Cour- tesy of the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, England) the Spaniel and require the same treatment—must be drubbed into good manners.” Humbling American pride remained a top priority.89 A hyperactive schemer, Cochrane suggested bribing some Americans to kidnap Republican congressmen: “A little money well applied will attain almost any object amongst such a corrupt InternalEnemy_7pp.indd 210 7/3/13 12:41 PM InternalEnemy_7pp.indd 214 7/3/13 12:41 PM 216 T HE INTERNAL ENEMY Joseph Carrington Cabell, from Alexander Brown, The Cabells and Their Kin (1895).