Oikos OIK-02296 Ferger, S. W., Dulle, H. I., Schleuning, M. and Böhning- Gaese, K: 2015. Frugivore diversity increases frugivory rates along a large elevational gradient. – Oikos doi: 10.1111/oik.02296 Appendix 1. Map of Mt Kilimanjaro showing the location of the 64 study plots in 13 different habitat types. Appendix 2. List of all 187 bird species that were observed, their average body mass and their feeding guild. Appendix 3. Effect of bird abundance/richness and fruit color on the proportion of pecked vs. unpecked artificial fruits without controlling for vertical vegetation heterogeneity and natural fruit abundance. Appendix 4. Effect of vertical vegetation heterogeneity, natural fruit abundance and fruit color on the proportion of pecked versus unpecked artificial fruits. 1 Appendix 1 Map of Mount Kilimanjaro showing the location of the 64 study plots in 13 different habitat types. The near-natural habitat types are savannah (sav), lower montane forest (flm), Ocotea forest (foc), Podocarpus forest (fpo), Erica forest (fer) and Helichrysum scrub (hel). The disturbed habitat types are maize field (mai), Chagga homegarden (hom), shaded coffee plantation (cof), unshaded coffee plantation (sun), grassland (gra), disturbed Ocotea forest (fod) and disturbed Podocarpus forest (fpd). Each habitat type is represented by five replicate plots, except for the unshaded coffee plantation, which is covered by four replicate plots. One of these five (respectively four) plots per habitat type is used as ‘focal plot’ (yellow squares) for especially labor-intensive studies like the artificial fruits experiment presented in this study. As background map, we used the National Geographic World Map developed by National Geographic and Esri (<http://goto.arcgisonline.com/maps/NatGeo_World_Map>). 2 Appendix 2 List of all 187 bird species that were observed during the point counts (see methods for details), their average body mass and their feeding guild. We calculated the average body mass across both sexes from data given in the CRC handbook of avian body masses (Dunning Jr. 2008). In cases where no means were provided, we calculated the average of minimum and maximum values. Where possible, we used data on Kilimanjaro or African subspecies or populations. ¥ indicates species that where not listed in Dunning Jr. (2008) and for which we used sister species instead (only one case: pale wren warbler Calamonastes undosus for grey wren warbler Calamonastes simplex). We classified the bird species as obligate frugivores (‘ob’, fruits are the only major food item), partial frugivores (‘pa’, other major food items besides fruits), opportunistic frugivores (‘op’, feeding only occasionally on fruits) and non-frugivorous (‘no’, not feeding on fruits) on the basis of a detailed literature survey on their major and minor food items (Kissling et al. 2007). Species are ordered by feeding guild first and taxonomy second. Common name Scientific name Family Mass Frugivory African green-pigeon Treron calva Columbidae 198.5 ob Eastern bronze-naped pigeon Columba delegorguei Columbidae 133.0 ob Hartlaub's turaco Tauraco hartlaubi Musophagidae 224.0 ob Speckled mousebird Colius striatus Coliidae 51.1 ob Silvery-cheeked hornbill Bycanistes brevis Bucerotidae 1235.0 ob Moustached green tinkerbird Pogoniulus leucomystax Capitonidae 11.8 ob Red-fronted tinkerbird Pogoniulus pusillus Capitonidae 9.6 ob Spot-flanked barbet Tricholaema lacrymosa Capitonidae 22.9 ob Common bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus Pycnonotidae 38.9 ob Mountain greenbul Andropadus nigriceps Pycnonotidae 35.2 ob Zanzibar sombre greenbul Andropadus importunus Pycnonotidae 27.4 ob Kenrick's starling Poeoptera kenricki Sturnidae 46.8 ob Violet-backed starling Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Sturnidae 44.0 ob Sharpe's starling Cinnyricinclus sharpii Sturnidae 44.5 ob Abbott's starling Cinnyricinclus femoralis Sturnidae 34.0 ob Yellow-spotted petronia Petronia pyrgita Passeridae 24.1 ob Scaly francolin Francolinus squamatus Phasianidae 457.3 pa Olive pigeon Columba arquatrix Columbidae 400.0 pa Tambourine dove Turtur tympanistria Columbidae 67.7 pa Lemon dove Aplopelia larvata Columbidae 155.0 pa African orange-bellied parrot Poicephalus rufiventris Psittacidae 120.0 pa Red-fronted parrot Poicephalus gulielmi Psittacidae 275.0 pa White-bellied go-away-bird Corythaixoides leucogaster Musophagidae 217.0 pa Crowned hornbill Tockus alboterminatus Bucerotidae 224.5 pa White-eared barbet Stactolaema leucotis Capitonidae 54.9 pa Brown-breasted barbet Lybius melanopterus Capitonidae 52.4 pa 3 Stripe-cheeked greenbul Andropadus milanjensis Pycnonotidae 37.4 pa Northern brownbul Phyllastrephus strepitans Pycnonotidae 27.1 pa White-starred robin Pogonocichla stellata Turdidae 18.6 pa Cape robin-chat Cossypha caffra Turdidae 28.5 pa Olive thrush Turdus olivaceus Turdidae 61.4 pa Abyssinian ground-thrush Zoothera piaggiae Turdidae 51.1 pa Common whitethroat Sylvia communis Sylviidae 15.1 pa Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla Sylviidae 16.7 pa Montane white-eye Zosterops poliogaster Zosteropidae 11.0 pa Olive sunbird Nectarinia olivacea Nectariniidae 9.9 pa Collared sunbird Hedydipna collaris Nectariniidae 7.4 pa African black-headed oriole Oriolus larvatus Oriolidae 66.1 pa Red-winged starling Onychognathus morio Sturnidae 133.0 pa Waller's starling Onychognathus walleri Sturnidae 87.8 pa Greater blue-eared starling Lamprotornis chalybaeus Sturnidae 86.5 pa Wattled starling Creatophora cinerea Sturnidae 73.1 pa Black-headed weaver Ploceus cucullatus Ploceidae 36.2 pa Red-headed weaver Anaplectes rubriceps Ploceidae 22.6 pa Grey-headed negrofinch Nigrita canicapilla Estrildidae 18.7 pa African citril Serinus citrinelloides Fringillidae 12.8 pa Long-crested eagle Lophaetus occipitalis Accipitridae 1067.0 op Crested francolin Francolinus sephaena Phasianidae 341.5 op Speckled pigeon Columba guinea Columbidae 352.0 op Ring-necked dove Streptopelia capicola Columbidae 142.0 op Red-eyed dove Streptopelia semitorquata Columbidae 176.0 op African mourning dove Streptopelia decipiens Columbidae 134.0 op Laughing dove Streptopelia senegalensis Columbidae 101.0 op Dusky turtle dove Streptopelia lugens Columbidae 155.0 op Klaas's cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas Cuculidae 27.4 op African emerald cuckoo Chrysococcyx cupreus Cuculidae 37.7 op Red-billed hornbill Tockus erythrorhynchus Bucerotidae 139.0 op Von der Decken's hornbill Tockus deckeni Bucerotidae 170.0 op African grey hornbill Tockus nasutus Bucerotidae 165.5 op Greater honeyguide Indicator indicator Indicatoridae 50.4 op Eastern honeybird Prodotiscus zambesiae Indicatoridae 10.2 op Cardinal woodpecker Dendropicos fuscescens Picidae 26.0 op Lesser striped swallow Hirundo abyssinica Hirundinidae 13.5 op Barn swallow Hirundo rustica Hirundinidae 20.4 op Tree pipit Anthus trivialis Motacillidae 23.4 op Cabanis's greenbul Phyllastrephus cabanisi Pycnonotidae 34.5 op Common rock-thrush Monticola saxatilis Turdidae 50.3 op Common stonechat Saxicola torquata Turdidae 15.5 op Northern wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe Turdidae 23.2 op Pied wheatear Oenanthe pleschanka Turdidae 19.4 op Spotted morning-thrush Cichladusa guttata Turdidae 46.3 op Olivaceous warbler Hippolais pallida Sylviidae 9.0 op 4 Grey-backed camaroptera Camaroptera brachyura Sylviidae 9.3 op Yellow-breasted apalis Apalis flavida Sylviidae 8.2 op Bar-throated apalis Apalis thoracica Sylviidae 12.1 op White-eyed Slaty flycatcher Melaenornis fischeri Muscicapidae 23.8 op Pale flycatcher Bradornis pallidus Muscicapidae 23.6 op Spotted flycatcher Muscicapa striata Muscicapidae 15.9 op African dusky flycatcher Muscicapa adusta Muscicapidae 10.4 op African Paradise-flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis Monarchidae 13.3 op African hill-babbler Pseudoalcippe abyssinica Timaliidae 18.8 op Arrow-marked babbler Turdoides jardineii Timaliidae 78.2 op Hunter's sunbird Chalcomitra hunteri Nectariniidae 11.8 op Long-tailed fiscal Lanius cabanisi Laniidae 73.9 op Black-backed puffback Dryoscopus cubla Malaconotidae 26.3 op Black-crowned tchagra Tchagra senegala Malaconotidae 53.5 op Northern white-crowned shrike Eurocephalus rueppelli Prionopidae 50.7 op White-crested helmet-shrike Prionops plumatus Prionopidae 33.8 op Superb starling Lamprotornis superbus Sturnidae 64.9 op Grey-headed sparrow Passer griseus Passeridae 28.3 op White-headed buffalo-weaver Dinemellia dinemelli Ploceidae 63.9 op Red-billed buffalo-weaver Bubalornis niger Ploceidae 76.4 op Lesser masked weaver Ploceus intermedius Ploceidae 20.6 op Baglafecht weaver Ploceus baglafecht Ploceidae 31.6 op Rufous-backed mannikin Lonchura bicolor Estrildidae 9.9 op Yellow-fronted canary Serinus mozambicus Fringillidae 10.6 op Streaky seedeater Serinus striolatus Fringillidae 22.4 op Oriole-finch Linurgus olivaceus Fringillidae 20.3 op Hadada ibis Bostrychia hagedash Threskiornithidae 1238.0 no Gabar goshawk Micronisus gabar Accipitridae 177.5 no Augur buzzard Buteo augur Accipitridae 1110.0 no Mountain buzzard Buteo oreophilus Accipitridae 700.0 no Hildebrandt's francolin Francolinus hildebrandti Phasianidae 538.5 no Emerald-spotted wood-dove Turtur chalcospilos Columbidae 60.6 no Blue-spotted wood-dove Turtur afer Columbidae 65.6 no White-browed coucal Centropus superciliosus Cuculidae 130.0 no African wood owl Strix woodfordii Strigidae 350.0 no Spotted eagle-owl Bubo africanus Strigidae 645.0 no Alpine swift Apus melba Apodidae 76.0 no Scarce swift Schoutedenapus myoptilus Apodidae 23.5 no Bar-tailed Trogon Apaloderma vittatum Trogonidae 55.0 no Striped kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti Alcedinidae 44.5 no