Scientific Terminology and Definitions By Herbert W. Ockerman Frances Ockerman Lopa Basu Kaul Ayman N. Swidan Jump to letter: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A acetone bodies *■ include j9 -hydroxy butyric acid, acetoacetic acid, and acetone. These are sometimes end products of metabolism and are excreted as such. They are acidic and toxic in nature. acetonemia - metabolic cattle disease usually occurring early in l a c t a t i o n ; lo s s of f le s h and m ilk p ro d u c tio n , and an unsteady gait. Prevention is a balanced ration. acetylenes - see ’’alkyne” Achilles tendon - attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to the Os U a lc is. acid - a substance which produces or donates protons (H+). acid (organic ) - R-C'®H derivatives of hydrocarbons in which one t r more -CHg groups have been replaced by a carboxyl group] I.U.C. -e of hydrocarbon is dropped and -oic added, followed by word 11 acid ’. acid alcohol - mix 50 ml. of 35$ alcohol and 3 drops of pure hydrochloric acid. acid forming foods - foods that leave an acid residue in the body arfcer the food has been utilized (e.g., meat, eggs, fish and cereal). acid halides — R—C-X l.U.C. — named after the acid by drop- '0 ping the -ic and adding -yl, followed by the name of the h a lid e . acid nitriles - R-CN acorn - a winter variety of squash. acre (A) - measure of surface area. 1A = 4,046.87 sq. meters (m^) ■ 6,272,640 sq. in. a 43,560 sq. ft. a 4,840 sq. yd. = 0.40469 hectares (ha) = .001563 sq. miles statute 3 .004047 sq. k ilo m e te rs (km^) A.C.S. - see ’’American Chemical Society" actin - see ’’actomyosin” actinium (Ac) - an element; at. no. 89; mass number of most stable isotope 227; electron configuration 2-8-18-32-18-9-2 o r b it K L M N 0 P Q, oxidation state +3 actlnomycetin - antibiotic agent effective against certain gram- positive as well as gram-negative organisms, activators - ions whose presence promote enzyme activity, actomyosin - globulin complex responsible for muscle contrac­ tion; consists of actin and myosin proteins. acyl group - R- 0 ' '0 adductor " draw toward a mediad position, to draw toward adductor (muscle) - large inside thigh muscle that is cranial (• to the semimembranosus and caudal, and medial to the femur. 2 1 adenine - N = C - NH, i l2 H-C C - NH 1 11 ^ CH N - C - adenine-riboflavin dinucleotide - a dinucleotide containing riboflavin phosphate and adenylic acid. NH2 “C=N /— 0 —7 - C CH i 0 0 j oh OH; He' jj jj ch2 (choh) 3- ch2- o P-O P - 0CH2-C-C-d-C - N- C-N OH OH H H H H CH3 _ ^ .n . nI o (* take on H here) ch3 adenosine - a nucleoside n=c- nhq I 1 — 0 — HC C-IK II » j:c h N -C -N OH OH H I I I ■c-c -c -c C - OH I 1 J I i H H H H H adenylic acid - a mononucleotide of adenine N=C -NH2 0- HC C-N I ii il CH CHQH H 0 N-C-N \ C-C-C-C - C - 0 - P - OH lll> t H H H H H OH adrenal cortex extract - a drug extracted from the outer por- tion (cortex) of the adrenal glands of cattle, hogs and sheep and used to treat Addison’s disease and shock. adrenal glands - two small reddish brown glands located near the kidneys. Inner section of the gland is known as the medulla; outer portion is the cortex. This gland is stimu* lated by the hormone adrenocorticotropic produced by the pituitary gland. I. Inner portion - produces a secretion which makes the blood vessels smaller and speeds up the heart rate. II. Outer portion - produces a secretion the lack of which causes Addison’s disease. adsorption - adherence of foreign particles to a surface aerobic - with air; also see ’’obligate aerobes” and ’’faculta- tive anaerobes” after-taste - taste that follows the removal of the initial stimulus. It may be continuous with or follow after a period of time the initial stimulus. 3 A Ag - see "silver” aggregate fruit - fruit formed, from a flower containing many pistils (e.g., blackberry) agonal - dying . agricultural limestone - liming material composed of 52% CaC03 and 42% MgC03; each pound has the neutralizing equivalent of .95 to 1.08 lb. of CaC03 (or approx. this quantity of dolomitic limestone)i air slaked lime - liming material composed of 80-95% Ca(0H)s ; each pound has the neutralizing equivalent of *85 to 1 lb. of CaC03 (or approx. this quantity of dolomitic limestone)• aitch bone - see "ischium" akenes - dry carpel having a single seed Al - see "aluminum" -al - I.U.C. ending for an aldehyde compound QH alanine - monoamino-monocarboxylic amino acid. CH3-CH-CC -------------- I 0 nh2 albuminoids - a simple protein that is insoluble in water, dilute salt solutions, dilute acids or alkalies, absolute or 70-80$ alcohol, (e.g., keratin, elastin, collagen, and f i b r o i n ) . albumins - a simple protein which is soluble in water and dilute salt solutions and coagulable by heat, alcohol - commercial alcohol is 96$ (ethyl alcohol); see "absolute alcohol", "percentage dilution problems", "acid alcohol", "ethyl alcohol",and "methyl alcohol". alcohol (organic) - cnH2n+2-y^0H^y A group of compounds in which the hydrogen atom of a hydro­ carbon is replaced by a hydroxyl group (OH), (e.g., R-OH). I.U.C. - replace -e of hydrocarbon name by -ol and add a number to show position of the -OH group. alcoholometer - hydrometer calibrated in $ alcohol aldehyde - ,H R —C N"o organic compound in which 2 hydrogen atoms on the end carbon atom are replaced by one oxygen atom. I.U.C. replace -e on hydrocarbon name w ith - a l . aldrin - insecticide (poison on ingestion); use is limited due to its volatility. Cl alfalfa - a perennial plant used for hay and pasture. seeding - 25 lb./acre (60 lb./bu.); cutting - l/lO flowers open; pH - 6.5 - 6.8; inoculation is essential. Varieties: Certified Atlantic, Certified Buffalo, Certified Williams­ burg, DuPuits, Narragansett, and Oklahoma Common. Approx. nutrients vised by 3 ton of hay - 170 lb. N, 48 lb. Pj^Og, 150 lb. K20. 4 A alfalfa meal - .6 lb./qt. aliphatic compounds - open chain compounds (not rings) aliquot - exactly measured volume. alkadiene - CnHon _o Hydrocarbon that contains 2 double bonds I.U.C. ending -diene alkane - C„Hn^o A saturated hydrocarbon (containing only C and H) I.U.C. ending -ane alkanesulfonic - see "sulfonic acidu alkanethiol - R-SH Alcohol type structure with the oxygen atom replaced by sulfur atom. I.U.C. hydrocarbon name followed by - t h i o l . alkene - CnH2n Hydrocarbon (open chain) containing one double bond. I.U.C. ending -ene. alklne - see "alkyne" alkyl cyanide - see "nitrile" alkyl group (R) - CnH2n+]_ Any aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon radical with one free valance. CH5 (CH2 )n - or R- alkyl halides - CnH2n+]_X Any alkane in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced by an atom of either fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. alkyl metallic sulfate - R-0-S02-0_+M alkyl sulfate - R ' -O-SOg-O-R alkyl sulfides - see "alkylthioalkane" alkylthioalkane - R'-S-R Ether type structure with -0- replaced by sulfur atom. I.U.C. alkyl group, followed by thio, followed by hydrocarbon name. alkyne - CnH2n_2 Hydrocarbon (open chain) containing one triple bond. I.U.C. ending -yne. allspice or pimento (not pimiento) - (Pimenta officinalis Lindl) dried nearly ripe fruit of pimento tree (tropical) used as a spice. Contains: not less than 8$ quercitannic acid; not more than .4$ ash insoluble in HC1; not more than 25$ crude fiber; and not more than 6$ total ash. Has an aroma similar to a mixture of nutmeg, cinnamon, and cloves. alpha (A, «C) - Greek letter with an English equivalent of a. alpha amino acid - see "amino acid" alpha-tocopherol - ^ 2 9 ^ 5 0 ^ 2 ^ °heniical found in food stuffs with vitamin E activity. CHn oh, CHn CHo h° - m ) I I I 1 CH3 dn °^V (CH^ 3 - ch - (ch2)3 - ch - (gh2)3 - CH - ch3 alsike clover - a perennial hay; seed 2 to 4 lb./acre, (60 lb./bu.); pH - 6-6.8; inoculation is necessary; cut in full bloom. alta - a variety of fescue alternating current (a-c) - a current which changes direction flow at constant intervals. alum - aluminum potassium sulfate; used to ppt. mud from water. 5 A alum-cochineal - potassic alum - 6 g.; powdered cochineal - 6 g.; distilled water - 90 ml.; boil 30 min. on steam bath, allow to settle and pour off the liquid, add water to bring up to 180 cc, boil down to 90 cc, cool, filter, add a small amount of thymol or salicylic acid. aluminum (Al) - an element; at. no. 13; at. wt. 26.98; oxidation state + 3; electron configuration 2-8-3 orbit K L M Am - see "americium" American cheddar - a hard cheese American Chemical Society - (A.C.S.) A.C.S. Grade. A designa­ tion of a grade of chemical purity that meets specifica­ tions of the American Chemical Society. Chemical grades according to decreasing purity: 1. Primary Standards 2. Spectro Grade 3. Reagent 4. A.C.S. 5. Chemically Pure 6. U.S.P* 7. N.P. 8. Purified 9.