MANA WAHINE READER A COLLECTION OF WRITINGS 1987-1998 2 VOLUME I Mana Wahine Reader A Collection of Writings 1987-1998 Volume I I First Published 2019 by Te Kotahi Research Institute Hamilton, Aotearoa/ New Zealand ISBN: 978-0-9941217-6-9 Education Research Monograph 3 © Te Kotahi Research Institute, 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of the publisher. Design Te Kotahi Research Institute Cover illustration by Robyn Kahukiwa Print Waikato Print – Gravitas Media The Mana Wahine Publication was supported by: Disclaimer: The editors and publisher gratefully acknowledge the permission granted to reproduce the material within this reader. Every attempt has been made to ensure that the information in this book is correct and that articles are as provided in their original publications. To check any details please refer to the original publication. II Mana Wahine Reader | A Collection of Writings 1987-1998, Volume I Mana Wahine Reader A Collection of Writings 1987-1998 Volume I Edited by: Leonie Pihama, Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Naomi Simmonds, Joeliee Seed-Pihama and Kirsten Gabel III Table of contents Poem Don’t Mess with the Māori Woman - Linda Tuhiwai Smith 01 Article 01 To Us the Dreamers are Important - Rangimarie Mihomiho Rose Pere 04 Article 02 He Aha Te Mea Nui? - Waerete Norman 13 Article 03 He Whiriwhiri Wahine: Framing Women’s Studies for Aotearoa Ngahuia Te Awekotuku 19 Article 04 Kia Mau, Kia Manawanui We will Never Go Away: Experiences of a Māori Lesbian Feminist - Ngahuia Te Awekotuku 29 Article 05 Māori Women: Discourses, Projects and Mana Wahine - Linda Tuhiwai Smith 39 Article 06 Becoming an Academic: Contradictions and Dilemmas of a Māori Feminist - Kathie Irwin 53 Article 07 Towards Theories of Māori Feminisms - Kathie Irwin 66 Article 08 Reflections on the Status of Māori Women - Kuni Jenkins 83 Article 09 Getting Out From Down Under: Māori Women, Education and the Struggles for Mana Wahine - Linda Tuhiwai Smith 89 Article 10 From Head and Shoulders - Merata Mita 105 Article 11 Hokianga Waiata a Nga Tupuna Wahine: Journeys through Mana Wahine, Mana Tane - Margie Hohepa 110 Article 12 The Marginalisation of Māori Women - Patricia Johnston and Leonie Pihama 114 Article 13 The Negation of Powerlessness: Māori Feminism, a Perspective Ripeka Evans 126 Article 14 Māori Women: Caught in the Contradictions of a Colonised Reality Annie Mikaere 137 Article 15 What Counts as Difference and what Differences Count: Gender, Race and the Politics of Difference - Patricia Johnston and Leonie Pihama 155 Article 16 Māori Women and Domestic Violence: The Methodology of Research and the Māori Perspective - Stephanie Milroy 168 Article 17 Towards a Theory of Mana Wahine - Huia Tomlins Jahnke 183 Article 18 Sacred Balance - Aroha Te Pareake Mead 198 Kuputaka / Glossary 207 IV Mana Wahine Reader | A Collection of Writings 1987-1998, Volume I Preface Over the past few years we have had many requests for references related to Mana Wahine and/or Māori women’s writings on Māori feminist approaches. Many of the early writings in this area are difficult to access and as such have become less well known or utilised as a basis for thinking about issues that impact upon Māori women. The growing articulation of the need for intersectionality has prompted more conversations around how we as Māori and Indigenous Peoples engage with the multiple intersecting beliefs, ideologies and practices that both inform, and impact upon, our lives. Mana Wahine is a term that encompasses our own tikanga and which upholds and elucidates the mana that is inherent in our lives as hine, as wahine, in its many forms. It embeds our wellbeing and our ways of being within particular cultural understandings, beliefs and practices that affirm who we are within our whakapapa and whanaungatanga, our roles, our positioning, our responsibilities, our obligations. Mana wahine is not, and should never be considered only about gender relations. It is much more and moves beyond the colonial definitions of gender identity that is constructed within dualist notions of biology, femaleness or maleness. Mana wahine is always located within our wider relationships as Māori. And it is within such a framework that we can ensure that we are cognisant of our relationships, responsibilities and obligations to each other as Māori, to our Indigenous relations and to those that live here on our lands. We are honoured to reprint a range of early works here to make them more readily available nationally and internationally. The writings that appear in these two readers are those that we have been able to gain permission to reprint, often because the original publications either are out of print or are not easily accessible. We acknowledge and thank all of the authors and the publishers who brought these writings to us all in their original form, and who have agreed that we share them in these volumes with free access. We have chosen to create these volumes as online resources so they can be downloaded and shared widely. He mihi mutunga kore tēnei ki a koutou, wāhine mā. As editors of these volumes we have retained the original text with only a few minor corrections where required. We have also listed at the beginning of each volume the source of the original article for your information. The cover images have been gifted by Robyn Kahukiwa and represent two commanding atua wahine, Mahuika and Hineteiwaiwa, and who bring the power of their respective domains to this publication. At the commencement of each volume is an original poem that has been gifted for this collection. Volume One includes the poem ‘Don’t Mess with the Māori Woman’ by Linda Tuhiwai Smith and Volume Two opens with ‘Ngā Māreikura’ by Hinewirangi Kohu-Morgan. These poems are to provide a creative entry into the publications. At the end of Volume Two, we have included four new articles by Leonie Pihama, Naomi Simmonds, Kirsten Gabel and Joeliee Seed-Pihama to bring the volumes to an end with some contemporary discussion of Mana Wahine The purpose of this publication is to share. To share the words and thoughts of wahine Māori. To share reflections, analysis, practices from a place that is ours. So to you, the reader, enjoy. Leonie Pihama, Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Naomi Simmonds, Joeliee Seed-Pihama, Kirsten Gabel. Mana Wahine Reader | A Collection of Writings 1987-1998, Volume I V Source Acknowledgements The editors and publisher gratefully acknowledge the permission granted to reproduce the material in this reader. 1 Rangimarie Mihomiho Rose Pere, “To us the Dreamers are Important”, originally printed in, Public and Private Worlds: Women in Contemporary New Zealand, 1987, 53-67 Reprinted with permission from the author. 2 Waerete Norman, “He aha te mea nui?”, originally printed in, Te Pua, Volume 1, Number 1, September 1992, 1-9. Reprinted with permission from the author. 3 Ngahuia Te Awekotuku, “He Whiriwhiri Wahine: Framing Women’s Studies for Aotearoa”, originally printed in, Te Pua, Volume 1, Number 1, September 1992, 46 – 58. Reprinted with permission from the author. 4 Ngahuia Te Awekotuku, “Kia Mau, Kia Manawanui – We Will Never Go Away: Experiences of a Māori Lesbian Feminist”, originally printed in, Feminist Voices: Women’s Studies Texts for Aotearoa/New Zealand, 1992, 278 – 289. Reprinted with permission from the author. 5 Linda Tuhiwai Smith, “Māori Women: Discourses, Projects and Mana Wahine”, originally printed in, Women and Education in Aotearoa, Volume 2, 1992, 33 – 51. Reprinted with permission from Bridgette Williams Books Limited. 6 Kathie Irwin, “Becoming an Academic: Contradictions and Dilemmas of a Māori Feminist” originally printed in, Women and Education in Aotearoa: Volume 2, 1992, 52 – 67. Reprinted with permission from the author. 7 Kathie Irwin, “Towards Theories of Māori Feminism” originally printed in, Feminist Voices: Women’s Studies Texts for Aotearoa/New Zealand, 1992, 1 – 19. Reprinted with permission from the author. 8 Kuni Jenkins, “Reflections on the Status of Māori Women”, originally printed in, Te Pua, Volume 1, Number 1, September 1992, 37 – 45. Reprinted with permission from the author. 9 Linda Tuhiwai Smith, “Getting Out From Down Under: Māori Women, Education and The Struggles for Mana Wahine” originally printed in, Feminism and Social Justice in Education, 1993, 58 – 78. Reprinted with permission from the author. 10 Merata Mita, “Head and Shoulders”, originally printed in, Te Ao Mārama: Regaining Aotearoa, Volume 2, 1993, 278-282. Reprinted with permission from the author. 11 Margie Hohepa, “Hokianga Waiata a Nga Tupuna Wahine”, originally printed in Te Pua, Volume 2, Number 1 and 2, 1993, 24-26. Reprinted with permission from the author. 12 Patricia Johnson and Leonie Pihama,”The Marginalisation of Māori women”, originally printed in, Hecate, 1994, 83-97. Reprinted with permission from the author. VI Mana Wahine Reader | A Collection of Writings 1987-1998, Volume I 13 Ripeka Evans, “The Negation of Powerlessness: Māori feminism, a perspective”, originally printed in, Hecate, 1994, 53-65. Reprinted with permission from the author. 14 Annie Mikaere, “Māori Women Caught in the Contradictions of a Colonised Reality” originally printed in, Waikato Law Review, Issue 2, 1994, 125-150. Reprinted with permission from the author. 15 Patricia Johnston, & Leonie Pihama, “What Counts as Difference and What Differences Count: Gender, Race and the Politics of Difference”, originally printed in, Toi Wāhine: The Worlds of Māori Women, 1995, 131-136. Reprinted with permission from the author. 16 Stephanie Milroy, “Māori Women and Domestic Violence”, originally printed in, Waikato Law Review, Volume 4, Issue 1, 1996, 58-76. Reprinted with permission from the author. 17 Huia Jahnke, “Towards a Theory of Mana Wahine”, originally printed in, He Pukenga Kōrero - A Journal of Māori Studies, Raumati (Summer), Volume 3, Number 1, 1997, 27- 37.