WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE Diagnosing Angola’s WASH Sector An Urgent Call to Action DIAGNOSTIC REPORT Camilo Lombana Cordoba, Luis A. Andrés, Lucrécio A. M. da Costa, and Crystal Fenwick About the Water Global Practice Launched in 2014, the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice brings together financing, knowledge, and implementation in one platform. By combining the Bank’s global knowledge with country investments, this model generates more firepower for transformational solutions to help countries grow sustainably. Please visit us at www.worldbank.org/water or follow us on Twitter at @WorldBankWater. About GWSP This publication received the support of the Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership (GWSP). GWSP is a multidonor trust fund administered by the World Bank’s Water Global Practice and supported by Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Austria’s Federal Ministry of Finance, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands’ Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Switzerland’s State Secretariat for Economic Affairs, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, U.K. Department for International Development, and the U.S. Agency for International Development. Please visit us at www.worldbank.org/gwsp or follow us on Twitter #gwsp. Diagnosing Angola’s WASH Sector An Urgent Call to Action DIAGNOSTIC REPORT Camilo Lombana Cordoba, Luis A. Andrés, Lucrécio A. M. da Costa, and Crystal Fenwick © 2021 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Please cite the work as follows: Lombana Cordoba, Camilo, Luis A. Andrés, Lucrécio A. M. da Costa, and Crystal Fenwick. 2021. “Diagnosing Angola’s WASH Sector: An Urgent Call to Action—Diagnostic Report.” World Bank, Washington, DC. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@ worldbank.org Cover design: Owen Design Co. Cover photos: Ministry of Energy and Water, Government of Angola (left and right); pxfuel (center) Executive Summary photos: Ministry of Energy and Water, Government of Angola. Contents Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xiii Executive Summary xvii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Access to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Angola 7 2.1 Measuring Access: Development Goal Indicators 8 2.2 Change in Access to WASH Services Over Time 8 2.3 Access to WASH Services in Urban and Rural Areas 10 2.4 Safely Managed Drinking Water and Sanitation 13 2.5 Access to WASH Services by Province 17 2.6 Access to WASH Services by Socioeconomic Characteristics 21 2.7 WASH Services In Schools 28 2.8 Concluding Remarks 29 Notes 30 Chapter 3 Spotlight on Urban WASH: A Tale of Three Cities 33 3.1 Access to Household WASH Services in Urban Areas 34 3.2 Sanitation Service Provision 39 3.3 Water and Sanitation Spending 44 3.4 Access to WASH in Institutions 45 3.5 Concluding Remarks 49 Notes 50 Chapter 4 WASH Services and Child Health Outcomes 53 4.1 Childhood Health and Mortality in Angola 54 4.2 Poverty Risk Model 56 4.3 Results 59 4.4 Spotlight on Neglected Tropical Diseases 69 4.5 Concluding Remarks 75 Notes 76 Diagnosing Angola’s WASH Sector: An Urgent Call to Action iii Chapter 5 WASH Sector Governance 79 5.1 WASH Sector Reform 80 5.2 Evolution of WASH Sector Governance 82 5.3 Methodological Framework 83 5.4 Roles and Responsibilities 87 5.5 Constraints and Bottlenecks to Effective Service Delivery 100 5.6 Concluding Remarks 105 Notes 105 Chapter 6 A Review of Tariffs and Subsidies 107 6.1 The Tariff Framework 108 6.2 The Subsidies Framework 115 6.3 Operational Efficiency of Provincial Utilities 119 6.4 Concluding Remarks 125 Notes 126 Chapter 7 Building Resilience: A Case Study of Two Water Utilities 129 7.1 Methodology 130 7.2 Results 132 7.3 Concluding Remarks 140 Notes 141 Chapter 8 Public Expenditure Review 143 8.1 Trends and Forecasts in Total Public Expenditure 143 8.2 Trends in Public Expenditure on the Infrastructure Sector 148 8.3 WASH Sector Funding 149 8.4 WASH Expenditure by Province 159 8.5 Cost-Effective Means of Improving Service Delivery 161 8.6 Concluding Remarks 163 Notes 165 Chapter 9 Directions for Future Work 167 Bibliography 171 Appendix A Access to Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Across Provinces 181 Appendix B Sanitation Primary Data Collection Methodology 185 iv Diagnosing Angola’s WASH Sector: An Urgent Call to Action Appendix C Summary of Key Angolan Legislation Relevant to the WASH Sector 193 Appendix D Evolution of Angola’s Legal Regime in Relation to Tariff Setting 199 Appendix E Principles of Tariff Regulation 205 Appendix F Tariff-Setting Procedures 209 Appendix G The Political Economy of Subsidies 213 Appendix H Overview of Angola’s Provincial Water and Sanitation Companies 217 Appendix I Expenditure per Capita by Central and Provincial Governments, by Subsector, 2014–18 219 Boxes Box 2.1. National Water Quality Standards in Angola 15 Box 2.2. The Importance of Data Collection and Harmonized Household Surveys 16 Box 2.3. Peri-Urban Settlements 19 Box 2.4. Menstrual Hygiene Management and Educational Attainment of Girls 28 Box 4.1. An Example of an Integrated WASH Intervention: Angola’s Contingent Emergency Response Component for Drought 74 Box 5.1. Drinking Water Quality Legislation 93 Box 5.2. A Case for Cross-Sectoral Collaboration 94 Box 5.3. WASH Service Delivery in Luanda 98 Box 5.4. Opportunities for Public-Private Participation 103 Box 6.1. Operational Efficiency of EPAL 120 Box 6.2. Operational Efficiency of ASEP Huambo 122 Box 6.3. Operational Efficiency of ASEP Huíla 123 Box 6.4. Operational Efficiency of ASEP Uíge 124 Box 8.1. The More Things Change, the More they Stay the Same 144 Box 8.2. Dilemmas in Analyzing Public Expenditure 148 Box 8.3. Overseas Development Assistance 151 Box 8.4. Recent Financial Support for Sanitation 153 Diagnosing Angola’s WASH Sector: An Urgent Call to Action v Figure Figure 2.1. The New JMP Ladders for Drinking Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene 9 Figure 2.2. Change in Country-Level Access to Improved WASH Facilities Over Time 10 Figure 2.3. Change in Access to an Improved Drinking Water Source Over Time in Urban and Rural Areas 11 Figure 2.4. Change in Access to Improved Sanitation Facilities Over Time in Urban and Rural Areas 11 Figure 2.5. Share of Population Practicing Open Defecation by Location 12 Figure 2.6. Share of Population Relying on Surface Water by Location 12 Figure 2.7. On-Site Management of Excreta by Location 14 Figure 2.8. Accessibility of Water by Location 15 Figure 2.9. Household-Level Treatment of Drinking Water by Location 16 Figure 2.10. Percentage Share of Population with Access (Left) and Number of People Without Access (Right) to at Least Basic Water 18 Figure 2.11. Percentage Share of Population (Left) and Number of People (Right) Relying on Surface Water for Drinking 18 Figure 2.12. Percentage Share of Population with Access (Left) and Number of People Without Access (Right) to Improved Water on Premises 19 Figure 2.13. Percentage Share of Population with Access (Left) and Number of People Without Access (Right) to at Least Basic Sanitation 20 Figure 2.14. Percentage Share of Population (Left) and Number of People (Right) Who Practice Open Defecation 20 Figure 2.15. Percentage Share of Population with Access (Left) and Number of People Without Access (Right) to at Least Basic Hygiene 21 Figure 2.16. Access to Water by Gender of Household Head 21 Figure 2.17. Gender and Water Collection Responsibilities 22 Figure 2.18. Access to Sanitation, by Gender of Household Head 22 Figure 2.19. Access to Hygiene, by Gender of Household Head 23 Figure 2.20. Access to Water by Educational Attainment of Household Head 23 Figure 2.21. Access to Sanitation, by Educational Attainment of Household Head 24 Figure 2.22. Access to Hygiene, by Educational Attainment of Household Head 24 Figure 2.23. Access to Water, by Wealth Quintile 25 Figure 2.24. Access to Sanitation, by Wealth Quintile 25 Figure 2.25. Access to Hygiene, by Wealth Quintile 26 Figure 2.26. Access to Water, by Age of Household Head 26 Figure 2.27. Access to Sanitation, by Age of Household Head 27 Figure 2.28. Access to Hygiene, by Age of Household Head 27 Figure 3.1. Citywide Access to Drinking Water, by Service Provider 35 Figure 3.2. Access to Piped Water, by City and Area 35 vi Diagnosing Angola’s WASH Sector: An Urgent Call to Action Figure 3.3.