Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion Images and Dilemmas in International Relations Dustin Tingley [email protected] Department of Government, Harvard University Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion Introduction Three images of IR I Man I State I System Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion Man Man Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion Man Man I Motivations, dispositions, pathologies of individuals explains international affairs I \Human nature" matters I Quests for power/status essential because that is what individuals care about Associated with scholars like Hobbes, Morgenthau (at times), Rosen, and Tingley Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion Man Man I Motivations, dispositions, pathologies of individuals explains international affairs I \Human nature" matters I Quests for power/status essential because that is what individuals care about Associated with scholars like Hobbes, Morgenthau (at times), Rosen, and Tingley Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion Man Man I Motivations, dispositions, pathologies of individuals explains international affairs I \Human nature" matters I Quests for power/status essential because that is what individuals care about Associated with scholars like Hobbes, Morgenthau (at times), Rosen, and Tingley Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion Man Man I Motivations, dispositions, pathologies of individuals explains international affairs I \Human nature" matters I Quests for power/status essential because that is what individuals care about Associated with scholars like Hobbes, Morgenthau (at times), Rosen, and Tingley Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion Man Hobbes: \sources of quarrel" Hobbes's (1588-1679) three sources of quarrel I Glory I Competition I No trust in others/pre-emption of attack Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion Man Hobbes: \sources of quarrel" Hobbes's (1588-1679) three sources of quarrel I Glory I Competition I No trust in others/pre-emption of attack Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion Man Hobbes: \sources of quarrel" Hobbes's (1588-1679) three sources of quarrel I Glory I Competition I No trust in others/pre-emption of attack Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion Man Hobbes: \sources of quarrel" Hobbes's (1588-1679) three sources of quarrel I Glory I Competition I No trust in others/pre-emption of attack Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion Man Limitations of Man? Is this a compelling form of explanation of international relations? I If human nature is a constant, how does it explain international affairs which is variable? I Too reductionist: \human nature may in some sense have been the cause of war in 1914, but by the same token it was the cause of peace in 1910" (Waltz) Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion Man Limitations of Man? Is this a compelling form of explanation of international relations? I If human nature is a constant, how does it explain international affairs which is variable? I Too reductionist: \human nature may in some sense have been the cause of war in 1914, but by the same token it was the cause of peace in 1910" (Waltz) Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion Man Limitations of Man? Is this a compelling form of explanation of international relations? I If human nature is a constant, how does it explain international affairs which is variable? I Too reductionist: \human nature may in some sense have been the cause of war in 1914, but by the same token it was the cause of peace in 1910" (Waltz) Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion Man Limitations of Man? Real foreign policy decisions are made by groups, with standard operating procedures, not individuals with individual pathologies. Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion Man Activity Write about an example of where one of Hobbes's sources of quarrel has led to quarrel internationally. Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion State State Domestic political structures (\institutions") or ideological commitments determine foreign policies, which then drive foreign relations. Associated with scholars like Kant, Lenin, Milner Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion State State Domestic political structures (\institutions") or ideological commitments determine foreign policies, which then drive foreign relations. Associated with scholars like Kant, Lenin, Milner Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion State State For example, the \Democratic Peace" I Democracies very rarely fight each other Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion State State For example, the \Democratic Peace" I Democracies very rarely fight each other Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion State State Another view of the state is that political structure changes foreign policy choices I In democracies leaders want to get re-elected by the masses I In autocracies leaders are kept alive by smaller sets of current elites Can lead to incentives for: I Diversionary war I Resource grabs to satisfy coalition keeping leader in power Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion State State Another view of the state is that political structure changes foreign policy choices I In democracies leaders want to get re-elected by the masses I In autocracies leaders are kept alive by smaller sets of current elites Can lead to incentives for: I Diversionary war I Resource grabs to satisfy coalition keeping leader in power Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion State State Another view of the state is that political structure changes foreign policy choices I In democracies leaders want to get re-elected by the masses I In autocracies leaders are kept alive by smaller sets of current elites Can lead to incentives for: I Diversionary war I Resource grabs to satisfy coalition keeping leader in power Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion State State Another view of the state is that political structure changes foreign policy choices I In democracies leaders want to get re-elected by the masses I In autocracies leaders are kept alive by smaller sets of current elites Can lead to incentives for: I Diversionary war I Resource grabs to satisfy coalition keeping leader in power Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion State State Another view of the state is that political structure changes foreign policy choices I In democracies leaders want to get re-elected by the masses I In autocracies leaders are kept alive by smaller sets of current elites Can lead to incentives for: I Diversionary war I Resource grabs to satisfy coalition keeping leader in power Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion State Limitations of the State Is this a compelling form of explanation? I How much are governments simply responding to external situations (i.e., the \system")? I If domestic system stays the same but war happens sometimes and not others, what explains this? Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion State Limitations of the State Is this a compelling form of explanation? I How much are governments simply responding to external situations (i.e., the \system")? I If domestic system stays the same but war happens sometimes and not others, what explains this? Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion State Limitations of the State Is this a compelling form of explanation? I How much are governments simply responding to external situations (i.e., the \system")? I If domestic system stays the same but war happens sometimes and not others, what explains this? Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion System The System Anarchic system determines relations between states I In anarchy, states are driven by self-preservation motives I If you aren't sovereign, you've got nothing Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion System The System Anarchic system determines relations between states I In anarchy, states are driven by self-preservation motives I If you aren't sovereign, you've got nothing Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion System The System Anarchic system determines relations between states I In anarchy, states are driven by self-preservation motives I If you aren't sovereign, you've got nothing Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion System The System Focuses on different structures of the international system: multipolar versus bipolar Focus on alliances, systemic disruptions (e.g., another country getting nuclear weapons). Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion System The System Focuses on different structures of the international system: multipolar versus bipolar Focus on alliances, systemic disruptions (e.g., another country getting nuclear weapons). Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion System Testable Hypotheses? Let's combine the view that international system is anarchic and relationships between states are zero-sum. ! Information will be important (you want to know the other's intentions and capabilities) but hard to get from your enemies (why would they tell you the truth?). ! Lack of information sharing could be a cause of war. Introduction Man State System Security Dilemma Conclusion System Testable Hypotheses? Let's combine the view