J. Breuste, H. Feldmann, o. Uhlmann (Eds.) Urban Ecology Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH J. Breuste H. Feldmann O. Uhlmann (Eds.) Urban Ecology With 80 Figures and 51 Tables 'SPringer lit it bmb+f Prof. Dr. Jiirgen Breuste Dr. Hildegard Feldmann Ogarit Uhlmann UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle GmbH Permoserst. 15 0-04318 Leipzig Germany Cover illustration: Street map of Leipzig. © Falk-Verlag AG, Kartographie: GeoData Photographs taken by J. Breuste Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Urban ecology I J. Breuste, H. Feldmann, o. Uhlmann (eds.). p. cm. Results of a international conference held in Leipzig, Germany, June 25-29, 1997. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-3-642-88585-3 ISBN 978-3-642-88583-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-88583-9 1. Urban ecology - Congresses. 2. City planning - Environmental aspects - Congresses. 3. Sustainable development - Congresses. I. Breuste, Jiirgen. II. Feldmann, H. (Hildegard), 1957- III. Ohlmann, o. (Ogarit), 1971- HT241. U724 1998 307.76 - dc21 98-34103 CIP This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is per­ mitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and per­ missions for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. CI Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1998. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: design & production GmbH, Heideberg Data conversion: Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong SPIN: 10761543 3113111- 5 4 3 2 1 - Printed on acid-free paper Preface In the last 3 decades urban ecology has developed increasingly from a scientific branch of Biology towards an interdisciplinary research field with applications in local and regional planning. Not only natural science disciplines, such as Biology, Soil Science, Hydrology, Climatology and Landscape Ecology contribute to the complex field of urban ecology, but also the humanities. Today it is clear that only a connection between the economic, cultural and social fields can lead to success in coping with the serious environmental problems of many cities world-wide. With the shift of the focal point from natural science based research to problem­ oriented research on the improvement of the living environment of people in cities, 'Social Sciences, Cultural Sciences, Geography and Economics gain a stronger meaning in the research field of urban ecology than was the case 20 years ago. Social Sciences and environmental problems are tightly bound together in many cities. In order to find solutions, strategies must include many different fields of expertise into account, but such inter-disciplinary measures naturally involve a high degree of complexity. Clearly, a theoretical basis is required which is oriented not only towards the national specifications of environmental and social problems and their investigation and management in the urban area, but which also takes a global view of the problems. Exchange of information and experience is required, not only between disci­ plines, but also between nations and cultures since many problems are caused by the inter-twining of people and the environment in urban areas. Many of these problems are no longer confined to the boundaries of the cities, but can be viewed on a regional, inter-regional and even on an international scale; some prove themselves to be comparable world-wide, and others have a clear, regional, specific meaning. Urban ecology, as a young, human-ecology oriented scientific discipline is of use with respect to world-wide problems, but it must find its own specific subject methods and theories to help solve these problems. The research department for Urban Landscapes at the UFZ-Umwelt­ forschungszentrum Leipzig-Halle GmbH (UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle) was set-up in 1992 and carried out research on urban ecology and urban development. VI Preface The department's initiative in 1996 to provide an international exchange of experience on the important focal points of urban ecological research was emphatically supported and subsidised through a scientific advisory board for urban ecology of the Federal Ministry for Education, Research and Technology (BMBF). The international conference on Urban Ecology took place in Leipzig from 25 th to 29th June, 1997 under the patronage of UNESCO and with support from the European Commission and the Saxonian State Ministry for Science and Arts (SMWK). The conference was seen as providing the start of a deep international discus­ sion over the theoretical consolidation of urban ecology and the integration of differing scientific disciplines into this complex field. Scientists, planners and politicians were approached so that their views and contributions could be inte­ grated into the discussion. Several points were highlighted during the conference: one of these was the postulation of good practice examples as models, another was the transferral and generalisation of practical experience. This led to the definition of the 5 main themes of the conference: - the ecological city- model for quality goals and standards, - integration of ecological, economic and social cultural bases for the improve- ment of the living environment, - land use as a tool to direct the city in an ecological direction, - ecologically acceptable mobility, - integration of nature and landscape cover - the balance between nature and culture. These themes show the range of the aspects dealt with in the conference. These extend from the discussion of political goals on the experience with integrated work, the problems with area and population growth, the environmental burdens through specific area uses and traffic, to the balance between nature and town development in view of growing urban agglomerations. 380 participants from 48 countries contributed their experience in 150 lectures in 15 workshops, in poster sessions and in many discussions. The participants agreed that the results of the conference should be made available in a general publication of the topics covered; this follows on from the existing volume. Het­ erogeneity in the means and ways of the portrayal, and also the differentiated views, on the same subject through different authors are not only made clear, but should also provoke further discussion. This book provides a cross section of the topics of urban ecology (oriented to the above main themes) with an international outlook; this provides a thorough overview of the subjects covered. At the end of the event the various working groups brought together the results of their dis­ cussions so that they directly emphasised the main focus of the conference and could point out ways for future work. I would like to express my thanks to the international evaluation committee who were kind enough to take the time to proof-read the contributions and pro­ vided the authors with valuable advice for the revisions. Preface VII The editor hopes that this publication will provide a contribution to the devel­ opment of the research field of urban ecology and initiate international discus­ sion in the addressed themes. Leipzig, Germany August 1998 /urgen Breuste Contents Introduction Sukopp H (Germany): Urban Ecology - Scientific and Practical Aspects. 3 Deelstra T (The Netherlands): Towards Ecological Sustainable Cities: Strategies, Models and Tools ...................................... 17 1 Ecological Cities - Models, Environmental Aims, Standards Ghosh, S (India): Perspectives on the Environment: New Options ........ 25 1.1 Workshop: Environmental Quality Aims and Ecological Aims Pietsch1, Kroger G, Ufermann K (Germany): Environmental Accounting on a Communal Level . 33 de Boer I, Dijst M (The Netherlands): Urban Development and Environmental Policy Objectives - an Outline of a Multi-disciplinary Research Programme ............... 38 Tschense H (Germany): Environmental Quality Goals and Standards as a Basis and a Way to an Agenda 21 for Leipzig ..................... 43 Wickop E (Germany): Environmental Quality Targets for Urban Structural Units in Leipzig with a View to Sustainable Urban Development ................................. 49 Simon KH, Fritsche U (Germany): The Role of "Process Chains Analysis" in Investigating Environmental Problems of Cities .................... 55 Votsmeier, T (Germany): Environmental Quality Targets in the City of Wiesbaden ................................................... 60 Pauleit S, Duhme F (Germany): Assessing the Metabolism of Urban Systems for Urban Planning .............................. 65 1.2 Workshop: Urban Climate Grauthoff M (Germany): The Urban Climate and Municipal Climate Protection - Different Sides of the Same Coin? 73 Asaeda 1; Ca VT (Japan): A Case Study on the Effects of Vegetation on the Climate in the Urban Area .................................. 78 x Contents Bauer B (Germany): Assessment of Human-Biometeorological