The Inclusory Construction in Australian Languages Ruth Singer Honours thesis November 2001 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics University of Melbourne 1 Table of Contents List of figures and tables ..............................................................................................................4 Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................5 Conventions for orthography and interlinear glosses ...................................................................6 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................9 1.1 What is the Inclusory Construction?..................................................................................9 1.2 Previous investigations of the Inclusory Construction......................................................11 1.3 Defining the Inclusory Construction ................................................................................15 1.4 Is the Inclusory Construction really a distinct construction? ............................................16 1.5 The languages sampled.....................................................................................................17 1.6 The structure of this work................................................................................................20 2 Prototypical and defining features of the Inclusory Construction............................................22 2.1 Defining Features.............................................................................................................22 2.1.1 Defining feature a: Relationship between superset and subsets is one of proper inclusion ..........................................................................................................................................22 2.1.2 Defining feature b: Entailments of the predicate always hold for the superset and subset ..........................................................................................................................................24 2.1.3 Defining feature c: Superset is a pronominal..............................................................25 2.1.4 Defining feature d: Inclusory Constructions are equivalent to a single argument of a single predicate...................................................................................................................25 2.2 Prototypical features .......................................................................................................26 2.2.1 Prototypical feature a: Central member of superset is not referred to by subsets........26 2.2.2 Prototypical feature b: Single subset occurs................................................................29 2.2.3 Prototypical feature c : Inclusory Construction refers to humans ..............................30 2.2.4 Prototypical feature d: Type 1 Inclusory Construction usually has strict ordering- subset first or subset last .....................................................................................................30 3 The Kriol Inclusory Construction...........................................................................................32 4 Case marking and the syntactic structure of Type 1 Inclusory Constructions.........................35 4.1 Case marking of Type 1 Inclusory Constructions.............................................................37 Guugu Yimidhirr..............................................................................................................37 Kayardild........................................................................................................................37 Yankunytjatjara..............................................................................................................38 Mparntwe Arrente..........................................................................................................40 Kaytetye ........................................................................................................................41 Diyari .............................................................................................................................41 Badimaya........................................................................................................................43 4.2 The syntactic structure of Type 1 Inclusory Constructions..............................................44 4.3 The role of case markers in Inclusory Constructions........................................................45 5 Grammatical elements found in Inclusory Constructions.........................................................48 5.1 Number marking suffixes..................................................................................................49 5.1.1 ‘One of a group’ suffixes in Dyirbal and Yidiny.........................................................49 5.1.2 The Ngandi ‘conjunctive’ suffix................................................................................50 5.1.3 Number markers in Inclusory Constructions of some other languages ........................52 Gooniyandi.....................................................................................................................52 Warlpiri..........................................................................................................................53 Bunuba............................................................................................................................53 5.2 The special pair marking suffix in Kaytetye Inclusory Constructions...............................54 5.3 The marker -ang in Wik-Mungkan Inclusory Constructions.............................................55 5.4 Comitative case markers in Inclusory Constructions ........................................................56 5.4.1 Type 2 Inclusory Constructions with comitative case markers ..................................56 Bunuba............................................................................................................................56 Maranungku....................................................................................................................56 5.4.2 The two markers found in Yandruwandha Inclusory Constructions ............................57 6 The distribution of Type 1, 2 and 3 Inclusory Constructions in languages...............................58 7 Relationships between Inclusory Constructions and other constructions..................................61 2 7.1 Type 1 Inclusory Constructions and noun phrases............................................................61 7.2 Inclusory Constructions and two semantically similar constructions: generic-specific and part-whole constructions........................................................................................................62 7.3 Inclusory Constructions and nominal coordination constructions in languages in which they are formally similar................................................................................................................65 7.4 Inclusory Constructions, 'one of a pair/group' markers and associative constructions........68 7.5 Inclusory Constructions and kinship dyads and polyads. ...................................................69 8 (miscellaneous) Semantic aspects of Inclusory Constructions..................................................71 8.1 Indefinite pronouns as subsets in Inclusory Constructions.................................................71 8.2. Type 2 Inclusory Constructions with reciprocal verbs.....................................................71 8.3 Inclusory constructions and the nature of 'identity' in switch-reference systems...............72 8.4 The additive use of the IC................................................................................................72 8.5 Use of the Inclusory Construction in sections of text.......................................................74 8.6 The semantic difference between coordination of pronominals and the Inclusory Construction..........................................................................................................................75 9 Conclusions: My findings and previous typologies of the Inclusory Construction....................77 9.1 Further comments on Schwartz (1988a) and Schwartz (1988b) ........................................77 Animacy ............................................................................................................................78 Case ...................................................................................................................................78 Person of Inclusory Construction.......................................................................................79 Ordering of Inclusory Construction ....................................................................................79 Type 2 Inclusory Constructions .........................................................................................79 Finer semantic meanings ....................................................................................................80 9.2 A working model for a global typology of the Inclusory Construction..............................80 9.3 Problems and prospects....................................................................................................82 Appendix 1................................................................................................................................84