ISSN 0914-918X Technology and Development No.20 January 2007 Article: The Illegal Logging Issue and Japan’s Official Development Assistance –Consideration of International Cooperation regarding the Illegal Logging Issue in Indonesia By Tomoyuki NAITO Special Report: Gender Mainstreaming in Latin America and the Caribbean –Issues and Prospects for Cooperation from a Gender Perspective By Attendees of JICA Latin American and Caribbean Gender Mainstreaming Conference Case Studies: Model Development of People’s Participatory Solid Waste Management in Dhaka City –Through the Experience of Pilot Project for Solid Waste Management at Ward Level By Akinori SATO and Junko OKAMOTO Issues, Efforts and Measures for Supporting South-South Cooperation: Case of Japan-Chile Partnership Programme By Mami YAMADA Notes: Social Safety Net for Urban Poor Women –A Case of Kampung Communities in Yogyakarta, Indonesia By Rika KATO UNOCHA’s Coordination in International Disaster Response and its Contribution from Japan –Focusing on the Emergency Phase after Natural Disasters By Yosuke OKITA A Qualitative Shift in International Democratic Support –Consideration on the Position of International Support for Democratic Elections in Developing Countries By Keiichi HASHIMOTO Field Note: The Zambia Initiative –Potentials of New Trials Promoting Human Security By Masaki WATABE Study Reports: Poverty Reduction and Human Security Post-Conflict Reconstruction of Education and Peace Building: Lesson from Okinawa’s Experience Approaches for Systematic Planning of Development Projects (Urban and Regional Development) Comprehensive Study on Family Planning and Women in Development Projects in Jordan Institute for International Cooperation Japan International Cooperation Agency Technology and Development Institute for International Cooperation Japan International Cooperation Agency EDITORIAL BOARD Managing Editor: TAGUCHI, Toru: Director General, Institute for International Cooperation, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Members: (Alphabetical order by family name) ASANUMA, Shinji: Visiting Professor at Hitotsubashi University ITO, Takafumi: Director General, Global Environment Department, JICA KINOSHITA, Toshio: Deputy Director General, Planning and Coordination Department, JICA KOHIYAMA, Satoru: Director General, Regional Department I, JICA MATSUDA, Norio: Director General, Rural Development Department, JICA OKAZAKI, Yuji: Director General, Social Development Department, JICA SASAKI, Hiroyo: Director General, Economic Development Department, JICA SUEMORI, Mitsuru: Director General, Human Development Department, JICA UTSUMI, Seiji: Professor at Osaka University (as of August 2008) Technology and Development is published once a year by the Institute for International Cooperation (IFIC). 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Published by Institute for International Cooperation Japan International Cooperation Agency Ichigaya Honmura-cho 10-5, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8433, Japan Editorial Board Office Aid Strategy Team, Research Group, Institute for International Cooperation, Japan International Cooperation Agency Fax: +81 (0)3 3269 2185 E-mail: [email protected] © 2007 Japan International Cooperation Agency All rights reserved Printed in Japan on recycled paper Technology and Development No.20 January 2007 CONTENTS Article: The Illegal Logging Issue and Japan’s Official Development Assistance –Consideration of International Cooperation regarding the Illegal Logging Issue in Indonesia By Tomoyuki NAITO 5 Special Report: Gender Mainstreaming in Latin America and the Caribbean –Issues and Prospects for Cooperation from a Gender Perspective By Attendees of JICA Latin American and Caribbean Gender Mainstreaming Conference 13 Case Studies: Model Development of People’s Participatory Solid Waste Management in Dhaka City –Through the Experience of Pilot Project for Solid Waste Management at Ward Level By Akinori SATO and Junko OKAMOTO 22 Issues, Efforts and Measures for Supporting South-South Cooperation: Case of Japan-Chile Partnership Programme By Mami YAMADA 39 Notes: Social Safety Net for Urban Poor Women –A Case of Kampung Communities in Yogyakarta, Indonesia By Rika KATO 54 UNOCHA’s Coordination in International Disaster Response and its Contribution from Japan –Focusing on the Emergency Phase after Natural Disasters By Yosuke OKITA 62 A Qualitative Shift in International Democratic Support –Consideration on the Position of International Support for Democratic Elections in Developing Countries By Keiichi HASHIMOTO 71 Field Note: The Zambia Initiative –Potentials of New Trials Promoting Human Security By Masaki WATABE 78 Study Reports: Poverty Reduction and Human Security 83 Post-Conflict Reconstruction of Education and Peace Building: Lesson from Okinawa’s Experience 87 Approaches for Systematic Planning of Development Projects (Urban and Regional Development) 88 Comprehensive Study on Family Planning and Women in Development Projects in Jordan 93 Institute for International Cooperation Japan International Cooperation Agency [ Article ] The Illegal Logging Issue and Japan’s Official Development Assistance —Consideration of International Cooperation regarding the Illegal Logging Issue in Indonesia Tomoyuki NAITO Chief (Indonesia), Regional Department Ⅰ, JICA; Ph.D. Candidate, Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, Waseda University Abstract Illegal logging in Indonesia is internationally known as an issue of somewhat sensitive aspects, due to its scale and politically related structure. While approximately 1.5 to 2.0 million ha of forests have been destroyed every year, the Government of Indonesia could recover only about half of the space of the destroyed forests since late 1990s to date. It is said that the forests on the island of Kalimantan could be gone by 2020, as an earliest expectation. Further, Japan's ODA has, to some extent, contributed to this matter, though it has been limited to funding for international organizations. This paper tries to prove the hypothesis that Japan's ODA is effective to control illegal logging in Indonesia, through consideration and analysis of its pertinent conditionality. After the consideration of the hypothesis, this paper points out the factors impeding effective cooperation, such as the constraints of Japan's ODA in technical conditionality and political complications that might be caused by Japan's assistance, as well as the lack of recipient country's understanding of the aid scheme. To deal with these impediments, the following measures are proposed: to implement a technical advisory system for Mer- bau's registration procedure for CITES, which would not be directly affected by the political aspect; to assist non- governmental organizations that have conducted the issue's research directly, and to strengthen the function of the country's legal system through assistance for the local forum. Japan's ODA is requested to adopt a more firm stance to support illegal logging control in Indonesia, now that the current President Susilo Bambang Yudoyono is strongly taking initiative in fighting against corruption, following the former President Megawati, who could not realize any concrete measures. Introduction Indonesia loses an area of forest roughly the size of Switzerland (Telapak & EIA 2005). Home to great biodiversity, Indonesia’s forest is the Logging can be divided into lawful and unlaw- third largest in the world (covering an area of rough- ful activities. Typical examples of unlawful activities ly 120 million ha) following the forests in Brazil and include the unregulated torching of forest areas the Republic of Congo, but the marked reduction of (forced conversion from forest to oil palm plantation, forests due to economic development since the early land claims by farmers, slash-and-burn farming, 1990s is viewed as a problem throughout the world. drive-in hunting, etc.) and the illegal logging of While approximately 1.5 to 2.0 million ha of forests forests (illegal logging). In contrast, typical examples are being destroyed every year, the Government of of lawful activities include planned logging with offi- Indonesia