Notes ABBREVIATIONS USED IN NOTES BSP British Sessional Papen CJ House of Commons Journals GLRO Greater London Record Office U House of Lords Journals PCM Paving Commission Minutes PRO Public Record Office TM 'Ihlstee Minutes VM Vestry Minutes WCM Watch Committee Minutes The location of parish and other local records can be found in the Bibliography. Unless otheiWise indicated, place of publication is London. 1 INTRODUCITON 1. A Williams, The Police of Paris 1718-1789 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), pp. 8-9. 2. Quoted in Sir Leon Radzinowicz, A History of the English Criminal Law from 1750 (New York: Macmillan, 1948-86), vol. III, p. 2. Hereafter cited as Radzi­ nowicz, Hutory. 3. Henry, Lord Brougham, Works (Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1873), vol. XI, p. 324. 4. For a more extensive discussion of the historiography of London's police, see my 'The Night Watch and Police Reform in Metropolitan London, 1721J-1830,' (unpublished Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 1991), pp. 3-14. Hereafter cited as my 'Night Watch.' 5. J.M. Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England, 1660--1800 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 72; J. Styles, 'The Emergence of the Police - Explaining Police Reform in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century England', British Journal of Criminology, 27 (1987), p. 17, 18; D.J.V. Jones, 'The New Police, Crime and People in England and Wales, 1829-1888', 'lhmsactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 33 (1983), p. 158. See also S.H. Palmer, Police and Protest in England and Irelond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); R. Paley, ''~ Imperfect, Inadequate and Wretched System?": Policing London Before Peel', Criminol Justice History, X (1989), pp. 95-130; Douglas Hay and Francis Snyder (eds), Policing and Prosecution in Britain 1750-1850 (Oxford: Oarendon Press, 1989); Lee Davison et al., (eds), Stilling the Grumbling Hive: The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689-1750 (New York: St Martin's Press, 1992); and R.B. Shoe­ maker, Prosecution and Punishment: Petty Crime and the Low in London and Rural Middlesex, c. 1660-1725 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 ). 167 168 Notes 6. For the seventeenth century, see K. Wrightson, '1\vo Concepts of Order: Justices, Constables, and Jurymen in Seventeenth-Century England', in J. Brewer and J. Styles (eds), An Ungovernable People: The English and their Law in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Hutchinson, 1978), pp. 21-46; J.A. Sharpe, 'Enforcing the Law in the Seventeenth-Century English Village', in V.A.C. Gatrell, B. Lenman and G. Parker, Crime and the Law: The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500 (Europa Publications, 1980), pp. 97-119 and JA. Sharpe, Crime in Early Modem England, 1550-1750 (Longman, 1984), esp. Chap. 4; J. Kent, The English Vdlage Constable, 1580-1642 (Oxford: Oarendon Press, 1986); N. Landau, The Justices of the Peace, 1679-1760 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); M. De Lacy, Prison Reform in Lancashire, 1700-1850: A Study in Local Administration (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986). The field of urban studies has also contributed important studies of local politics and administration. See N. Rogers, Whigs and Cities: Popultu Politics in the Age of Walpole and Pitt (Oxford: Oarendon Press, 1989); PJ. Corfield, The Impact of English Towns, 1700-1800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982); P. Borsay, (ed.), The Eighteenth-Century Town (Longman, 1990). 7. C. Ernsley, 'Detection and Prevention: The Old English Police and the New, 1750-1900', Historical Social Research, 37 (1986), p. 71. 8. J. Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688-1783 (Unwin Hyman, 1989); J. Innes, 'Parliament and the Shaping of Eighteenth­ Century Social Policy', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 40 (1990), pp. 63-92 and 'The Domestic Face of the Military-Fiscal State', in An Imperial State at War: Britoin from 1689 to 1815, L. Stone (ed.) (Routledge, 1994), pp. 96-127; M. Braddick, 'State Formation and Social Change in Early Modem England: A Problem Stated and Approaches Suggested', Social His­ tory, 16 (1991), pp. 1-17; D. Eastwood, Governing Rural England: Thlditian and Thlnsformation in Local Government 1780-1840 (Oxford: Oarendon Press, 1994); J.R. Kent, 'The Centre and the Localities: State Formation and Parish Government in England, circa 1640-1740', The Historical Journal, 38 (1995), pp. 363-404. 9. Kent, 'Centre and Localities,' p. 403. 10. For the debate about this topic see 0. MacDonagh, 'The Nineteenth-century Revolution in Government: A Reappraisal', The HistoricalJoumal1 (1958), pp. 53-67; H. Parris, 'The Nineteenth-century Revolution in Government: A Reap­ praisal Reappraised', The Historical Joumal3 (1960), pp. 17-37; J. Hart, 'Nine­ teenth-century Social Reform: A Thry Interpretation of History', Past and Present 38 (1965), pp. 39-61; and V. Cromwell, 'Interpretations of Nineteenth-century Administration: An Analysis', ViCtorian Studies, 9 (1966), pp. 245-55. 11. In this work, 'professional' is used to mean paid, full-time work, with clearly prescribed, written rules of prescribed duties, subordinate to a legally recog­ nized authority. Barbara Weinberger has argued that it was not until the early twentieth century, with emergence of a police culture within police forces, that we can speak of policemen as fully 'professional' in a sociological sense. While I find her argument largely persuasive for the period she discusses, she also argues that one key 'distinguishing feature and aspect of police professionalisa­ tion' was the requirement that the Metropolitan Police wear uniforms. As will be shown below, distinguishing dress and markings for law enforcement officers did not originate with the Metropolitan Police. B. Weinberger, 'Are the Police Professionals? An Historical Account of the British Police Institu­ tion', in Policing Western Europe: Politics, Professionalism, and Public Order, Notes 169 1850--1940, C. Emsley and B. Weinberger (eds) (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991), pp. 74-89. 12. The term 'Charlies' was first applied only to the watchmen of the City of London, who were established as a night police during the reign of Charles II. See T.A. Critchley, A History of Police in England and Wales 900-1966 (Constable, 1970), p. 30. By the 1820s, the term referred to all parish night watchmen. 13. Kent, 'Centre and Localities', p. 403. 14. Braddick, 'State Formation and Social Change', p. 7. 15. J. Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 168~1783 (Unwin Hyman, 1989). 2 WESTMINSTER, 1720-39 1. The pArishes were: St Anne, Soho; St Paul, Covent Garden; St Martin-in-the­ Fields; St Qement Danes; St Margaret; St John; St James, Piccadilly; St George, Hanover Square; and St Mary-le-Strand. The extra-parochial areas were the Precinct of the Savoy, Westminster Abbey, the palaces of St James and Whitehall, and the Privy Gardens. The one Liberty was the Liberty of the Rolls. 2. G. Rude, Hanoverian London, 1714-1808 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), pp. 10-14, 40-42. 3. Rogers, Whig;s and Cities, pp. 174-8. 4. Rude, Hanoverian London, pp. 50-62. 5. M.D. George, London Life in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Capricorn Books, 1965), p. 83. 6. Rogers, Whig;s and Cities, pp. 174-8. 7. S. Webb and B. Webb, English Local Government: The Parish and the County (Hamden, cr: Archon Books, 1907, rept. 1963), p. 4. Hereafter cited as Webb and Webb, Parish and County. 8. In some of the crowded parishes of the East End, this could mean there were literally thousands of vestrymen. Parish administration was thus usually more cumbersome. Rude, Hanoverian London, pp. 131-2. 9. Report of the Westminster City Council From the 9th November 1900 to the 31st March 1902 (Havison and Sons, 1902), pp. 13-17. Hereafter cited as West­ minster City Council Report. See also Webb and Webb, Parish and County, pp. 204-5. 10. For specific examples, see below when individual parishes are discussed; see also Rogers, Whigs and Cities, pp. 188-9. For an example within the City of London, see P. Earle, The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London, 1660-1730 (Methuen, 1989), pp. 244-50, 268. 11. S. Webb and B. Webb, English Local Government: The Manor and the Borough (Hamden, cr: Archon Books, 1908, rept. 1963), vol. I, pp. 216-17. Hereafter cited as Webb and Webb, Manor and Borough. 12. StGeorge, Hanover Square, VM, 2 June 1735. 13. The records of at least three other courts leet have survived in the metropolitan area, besides the Westminster Court of Burgesses: the Liberty of St John of Jerusalem in Oerkenwell and Dulwich and Walworth Manors in Surrey. These courts continued to appoint constables into the 1830s and 40s. See St John, Qerkenwell, Liberty of St John of Jerusalem, Peace Officer's Book; Dulwich 170 Notes Manor, Court Leet and Court Baron Proceedings; Walworth Manor, Court Leet Book. 14. See, for example, Landau, Justices of the Peace, pp. 247-8 and Webb and Webb, Parish and County, pp. 27-8. 15. Webb and Webb, Parish and County, pp. 27-9; Critchley, History of Police, pp. 6-7. 16. See, for example, St John Clerkenwell, Liberty of St John of Jerusalem, Peace Officer's Book. For additional discussion of alternate titles for keepers of the King's peace, see Webb and Webb, Parish and County, p. 27n. 17. Webb and Webb, Parish and County, pp. 18-19; Kent, The English VIllage Constable, p. 305. 18. R.G. The Compleate Constable (1710), pp. 9-10. 19. See, fm: example, Christchurch, Spitalfields, VM, 14 March 1806. 20. See Kent, The English VIllage Constable, pp. 305-7. 21. Critchley, History of Police, pp.