WORIKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES Vol~um~e 12 THE SUM~MER INSTITU'TE OF LINGUISTICS IN COUPERATION \VITH~ TH~E DEPARTM~ENT OF EDUCATlON AND CULTURE WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES Volume 12 SULAWESI PHONOLOGIES Rene van den Berg Editor THE SUMMER INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTICS IN COOPERATION WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES VOLUME 12 SULAWESI PHONOLOGIES René van den Berg, Editor Printed 1991 Ujung Pandang, Sulawesi, "Indonesia Copies of this publication may be obtained from The Summer Institute of Linguistics KUlak Posl64 Ujung Pundang 90001 Sulewesi Selatan Indonesia Microfiche copies of this and other publications ofThe Summer Institute of Linguistics may be obtained from Academic Book Center The Summer Institute of Linguistics 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road Dallas, TX 75235 U.S.A. ISBN 979-8132-85-8 FOREWORD Earlier issues of Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures that focused on Sulawesi have dealt with survey results (see volumes 5 and 11). This is the first to be exclusively devoted to the results of phonological analysis in Sulawesi, following the pattern set by the volumes dealing with phonologies of Maluku and Irian Jaya languages. The phonologies of five languages are presented, three of which belong to the lesser known languages of the South Sulawesi group. PUS (Pitu Ulunna Salu) is described by Philip Campbell, Mamasa by DaVId Matti, and Aralle- Tabulahan by Robin McKenzie. Although the phonology of Mamasa appears to be very similar to that of Sa'dan Toraja, the other two languages show remarkable divergences, such as the presence of a sixth vowel, constraints on final nasals (only m in PUS) and the development of geminate consonants intohp,ht, etc. in Tabulahan. Most worthy of attention, however, is the complex morphophonemics of all three languages. The authors have done an excellent job in trying to account for all processes that occur, formulating thcm in a generative framework. This joint publication will also facilitate comparison between these closely related languages. The other two phonologies are from what I have begun to call the 'Celebic' group (a supergroup encompassing Kaili-Pamona, Bungku-Mori-Tolaki, and the· putative~ Muna-Buton group). Napu, described by Roger and Leanne Hanna, is a member of the Kaili-Pamona group. In striking contrast to the South Sulawesi languages, the phonology of this language is relatively straightforward with hardly any morphophonemics. An interesting aspect of Bannas' description is their treatment of co-occurrence restrictions III Napu, allowing for further comparisons with other Austronesian languages. The last contribution to this volume is Marjo Karhuncn's description of the phonology of Padoe, formerly considered a Mori dialect, and a member of the Bungku-Mori-Tolaki group. Just as Napu, this language offers few complexities in its sound structure, although morphophonemic processes, which are only succinctly treated herel show more variety. The alternation between long and short (or single and double) vowels, for instance, is remarkable and asks for an explanation~ Finally, we wish to thank our sponsors, the Department of Education and Culture, Hasanuddin University in Ujung Pandang, and Tadulako University in Palu. Joanne Newell and Wads Pribadi have done an excellent job in preparing this volume for publication. As usual, the authors and the editor welcome any comments or suggestions regarding the findings presented here. Rene van den Berg Ujung Pandang December 1991 page iv (blank) SIJLAWESI PHONOLOGIES Rene van den Berg, Editor TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORO iii 1. PITU ULUNNA SALU ~ 1 Philip J. Campbell 2. MAMASA 53 David F. Matti 3. ARALLE-TABULAHAN 99 Robin McKenzie 4. NAPU 150 Roger Hanna, Leanne Hanna 5. PADGE 1.79 Marjo Karhunen v page vi (blank) PHONOLOGY OF PITU ULUNNA SALU Philip J. Campbell UNHAS-SIL TABLE OF CONTENTS UST OF TABLES ,.......................................................... 2 LIST OF PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES.................................................................. 2 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ...................................•......................................... 3 1. INTRODUcrlON ........................................................................................................•.•4 2. SEG MENT ~ ..........................................................••....... ".......................................... 4 2.1 Phones and Phonemes......................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Phone Chart............................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Chart of Phonemes.................................................................................... 5 2.1.3 Feature Matrix .......................................................................•...............•.. 6 2.2 Interpretation ........................•........................................................ "...................... 6 2.2.1 Consonant VS. Vowel................................................................................ 6 2.2.2 Sequence V5. U nit ...........................................•.....................••••.....••.•.....••. 6 2.3 Description of 1)11()11Cll1es........................................................................................ 7 2.3.1 C()11S()l1unt»11()11Cll1es................................................................................ 7 2.3.2 Vowel Pll()11ClllCS •••••••••,............................................................................... 8 2.4 Phoneme Contrast................................................................................................ 9 2.4.1 Contrast of Consonant Phonemes :....... 9 2.4.2 Contrast of Vowel Phonemes................................................................. 10 3. SUPRA SEGMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS. 11 3.1 Stress ~..................... 11 3.2 Intonation 13 3.2.1 Sentence Level Intonation ....................................................................•. 13 3.2.2 Higher Level Intonation............................................................................. 15 4. DISTRIBUTION 16 4.1 Syllables and Phonological Words. 16 4.2 Consonants 17 4..3 Vowels....................................................................................................................... 20 4.4 Consonants and Vowels 22 5. PI~IONOLOaICAL PROCESSES............................................................................... 22 6. FREE VARIATION ....................••...................................................................•............ 42 7. FEATURES OF FAST SPEECH................................................................................ 44 8. ADAP'f ATION OF LOAN WORDS 45 APPENDIX: THE PHONEME lrel 48 I{EFEI~ENCES " "..................................................................................................52 LIST OF TABLES Table Table 1. --PUS Phones....................................................................................................... 4 Table 2 PUS Phonemes 5 Table 3. --Feature Matrices 6 Table 4. --Positions of Consonant Phonemes................................................................ 7 Table 5. --Positions of Vowel Phonemes 8 Table 6. --Question Clitics with Juxtaposed Pronouns 35 Table 7. --Perfective -mi with the Absolutive Pronouns............................................. 36 Table 8. »Forms of Imperfective -pi " , ~................................... 36 Table 9. --Ordered Rules 41 Table lO ..--Loan Words....................................................................................................... 45 LIST OF PHONOLOGICAL ))ROCESSES Vocative stress ~........... 11 Stress placement.................................................................................................................. 11 k..weakening ,................................................................................................................ 22 k-sibilantization.................................................................................................................... 23 Nasal assimilation ~........................................... 24 Continuantization................................................................................................................ 25 Nasal deletion 26 Consonant deletion............................................................................................................. 26 I.J-gemination.......................................................................................................................... 27 um..mu metathesis 27 Nasal velarization................................................................................................................. 28 IJ-insertion , , ,........ 28 m:n-gemination 29 N-insertion:i,u 1I.......................................................................... 30 N-insertion:a lI..................................................................................................................... 31 t::-laxing................................................................................................................................... 31 vowel repetition..................................................................................................................... 32 a-raising................................................................................................................................. 32 vowel harmony/as &....................................................................................