Pugwash NEWSLETTER issued by the Council of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs Nobel Peace Prize 1995 New York, September 10, 2001 Volume 38 Ⅲ Number 2 Ⅲ December 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS To the Pugwash Community . 1 SPECIAL SECTION: SEPTEMBER 11 AND ITS AFTERMATH “The Dangers of Nuclear Terrorism,” Statement of the Pugwash Council, 12 November 2001 . 3 Sir Joseph Rotblat, Letter to the editor, The Times (UK), 15 September 2001 . 4 Thomas Homer-Dixon, “Why Root Causes Are Important”, Toronto Globe and Mail, 26 September 2001. 4 “Nuclear Weapons and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty,” Statement of the Pugwash Council, 12 November 1999 . 6 REPORTS ON RECENT PUGWASH MEETINGS Pugwash Meeting no. 262. 8 7th Pugwash Workshop on the Middle East: Palestine, Israel and the Middle East Peace Process Alexandria, Egypt, 26-29 April 2001 Pugwash Meeting no. 263. 14 3rd Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Intervention, Sovereignty and International Security: Humanitarian Intervention – Forging an International Consensus Castellón de la Plana, Spain, 3-5 May 2001 Pugwash Meeting no. 264 . 21 15th Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on the CBW Conventions Oegsteest, Netherlands, 23-24 June 2001 Pugwash Meeting No. 265 . 33 4th Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Intervention, Sovereignty and International Security: A Consultation with the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty Pugwash, Nova Scotia, 20-21 July 2001 Pugwash Meeting no. 266 . 41 2nd Pugwash Workshop on Nuclear Stability and Missile Defenses Como, Italy, 6-8 September 2001 SELECTED ESSAYS “Israeli-Palestinian Relations: An Appraisal,” by Maher El-Kurd . 49 “The Oslo Process: Failures, Lessons, Alternatives,” by Joseph Alpher . 51 Pugwash ACTIVITIES OF NATIONAL PUGWASH GROUPS The US Pugwash Group. 59 Volume 38 Ⅲ Number 2 Pugwash Netherlands . 60 December 2001 REPORT OF STUDENT/YOUNG PUGWASH ACTIVITIES Editors: International Student/Young Pugwash . 61 Jeffrey Boutwell and George Rathjens OBITUARIES: Production Assistant: Johan Lundin, Maxwell Bruce, Paul Warnke. 63 Anthony Baird Members of the Pugwash Council . 66 Design and Layout: Anne Read Calendar of Future Meetings . Inside back cover To the Pugwash Community Global Cooperation: their cause, are able to circumvent if not neutralize the A 21st Century Imperative military power of modern industrial states. For those The global effect of the September 11 terror attacks on countries possessing nuclear weapons, the concept of New York and Washington, DC demonstrated yet again nuclear deterrence in such scenarios is not only irrelevant, that, in today’s world, national security no longer is con- but counter-productive, in that the nuclear (and biological fined within national boundaries. Fully one-third of the or chemical) technology and materials developed by such more than 3,000 people killed in the attacks were non- countries could well be turned against them in a terrorist Americans, citizens of more than 60 countries. The eco- attack using weapons of mass destruction. nomic and social impacts of the terror attacks were simi- To be truly effective, an international effort to neutral- larly global; in addition to the loss of hundreds of ize the dangers of horrific terrorist attacks, especially those thousands of jobs in the US and worldwide, World Bank using weapons of mass destruction or those targeted President James Wolfensohn estimated that that “between against nuclear power plants, food and water supplies, 20,000 and 40,000 more children” would die, and and critical infrastructure, must consist of the widest pos- millions of people would be “condemned to live below the sible global coalition. poverty line” because of the global recession that became Forging and maintaining such a coalition will not, of more severe because of September 11. course, be easy. First, there remain tremendous political, The terrorist networks responsible for the attacks ideological, religious, and ethnic differences between the operate in many countries around the world; the financial West, the former socialist countries, Asian, Arab, and network supporting the terrorists is truly global, as must Muslim countries, and Africa and Latin America. Such be the intelligence and law enforcement effort needed to differences are manifest when it comes to issues such as: identify and bring such groups to justice. While the bene- controlling weapons of mass destruction and ensuring fits of globalization are indeed many, it is also true that the regional security; international humanitarian intervention links between different terrorist organizations fighting for to prevent mass killings and gross abuses of human rights; different causes, and the states which harbor and support and fundamental questions of national sovereignty relat- them, are made all the easier by globalizing trends in com- ing to minority rights and self-determination. Through its munications, transportation, technology, and the world of work over more than four decades, the Pugwash Confer- finance. ences have sought to narrow these differences between If the latter half of the 20th century was the nuclear states and peoples in an effort to strengthen the modalities age, the 21st century may well become the age of asym- for greater international cooperation. metrical warfare. It has been estimated that between Such efforts are needed now more than ever if both the $500,000 and one million dollars was needed to plan and manifestations and root causes of terrorism are to be suc- carry out the attacks on the World Trade Center and the cessfully addressed. As symbolized by the awarding of the Pentagon, resulting in global financial and economic losses 2001 Nobel Peace Prize to the United Nations and its Sec- of tens if not hundreds of billions of dollars. Small groups retary General, Kofi Annan, these efforts will demand the of individuals, characterized by fanatical commitment, closest possible cooperation between national patience, intelligence, and a ready willingness to die for governments, NGOs, and regional and international insti- tutions such as the UN that can articulate a broad-based the Manifesto in three versions: the folio insert found in vision of human security for the 21st century. this Newsletter, a poster version, and a special leather- bound folio that will be used for special occasions. Lim- The 51st Pugwash Conference ited copies of the unbound folio and poster are available Having postponed the 51st Pugwash Conference (origi- from the Pugwash offices in London, Rome, Geneva and nally scheduled for November in Agra, India) because of Cambridge. the September 11 terror attacks, the Pugwash Council pro- ceeded to meet in London from 8-11 November, at which The 100th Anniversary time it was decided to reschedule the Agra conference to of the Nobel Peace Prize 12-16 March 2002. Council members felt that unfolding A three-day celebration in Oslo from 6-8 December events in Afghanistan, Pakistan, throughout South Asia marked the 100th anniversary of the inauguration of the and globally made it all the more important to proceed Nobel Peace Prize. Sir Joseph Rotblat and Francesco with the 51st Pugwash Conference in India. A central Calogero, the latter representing the Pugwash focus of the conference will be the implications of global Conferences, were among more than 20 Nobel Peace Prize terrorism on national and international security, and in Laureates attending the ceremonies. For more on the particular the prospect of terrorist use of weapons of mass events in Oslo, including a talk by Francesco Calogero on destruction (see the statement of the Pugwash Council on the dangers of nuclear terrorism, and a congratulatory let- page 3). ter from Pugwash to this year’s Nobel Laureate, the United Nations and Kofi Annan, visit the Pugwash web- The Russell-Einstein Manifesto site at www.pugwash.org. As an insert to this issue of the Pugwash Newsletter, read- ers will find a copy of a special commemorative edition of Acknowledgments the 1955 Russell-Einstein Manifesto. This was a project Pugwash would like to thank the Italian National undertaken several years ago by Maxwell Bruce, then Research Council, the German Research Society, the Cyrus revived this year thanks to a special grant from the Toda Eaton Foundation, and the John D. and Catherine T. Institute for Global Peace and Policy Research. Unfortu- MacArthur Foundation for their support of the Pugwash nately, Max Bruce died this fall before completion of the Newsletter, the Pugwash website, and other Pugwash pub- project (see page 63), but he undoubtedly would have lications. been pleased with the final result. Pugwash has printed The Editors 2 Pugwash Newsletter, June 2001 PUGWASHSPECIAL MEETING REPORT No. 245 September 11 and Its Aftermath The Dangers of Nuclear Terrorism diluted with natural uranium to a low-enriched level where it has high Statement of the Pugwash Council commercial value as a proliferation- Monday, 12 November 2001, London, UK proof fuel for civil nuclear reactors. Here again, an important opportu- he horrific nature of the Septem- nuclear weapon than is plutonium, so nity exists for Europe and Japan to Tber 11 attacks has demonstrated much so that even sub-national ter- work with the United States in pur- the ability of international terrorist rorist groups could accomplish the chasing such fuel from Russia and networks to carry out well-planned challenge. European and Asian gov- greatly reducing available supplies of and complex operations that can kill