It* ♦♦»»|l*t*'»****t**tU M * 4| *M Ximthy.il.*... Scbmi.tr III ENTITLED.... £J.i*ihethan..En8Lishffl.eii...Ln.Spfti.a ill® %-Jn ’v.v.V iil! - * « * * * « * * • « . « i . « • * . * ' * ««-»•*» **»+ •«• • 4* * * » « * fr •* » « • * « • « • * « « * * t * * * * * * * ■ *9 •*•**.****• IS APPROVED RY ME AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE \ IK,:, ‘, m m m or. Bachelor.,.of. Arts. ««**•****#**«»»« falllllti IKS® * •* *«•*•*»«*** JJtJ AmoVKD? HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF.....Hl&k&HX OIJM TIMOTHY j SCHMITZ thesis for the DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS JN HISTORY Co 1 i©cje of Liborai Af ts and Sc fences University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 1992 |*r I V r ' ^ ^ . 4 5 ' ' & * ■'■: ■ ■••>:•■': .‘ ‘ •.• '# ’ W V , -vt ' ~ *- ^x '*-*■r- %.* \&cOVERVIEW? * ' ; ■ ^ : ' 1 ,l:s ' 1 - , • . J KW1.ISHKBII *110 fHt SPANISH ................................ ..... ........................................................................ 3, ENGLISH MERCHANTS IN SPAIN ISSh I 4. ENGLISH CATHOLIC EXILES IN SPAIN ........ SL ' : />// , , CONCLUSION . * 4 * | notes ..... BIBLIOGRAPHY . CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW During the reign of Henry VIII, the previously amicable relationship between England and Spain suffered a severe blow. King Henry, once granted the title ficiei detensor, proclaimed himself the head of the English church. He dissolved his nat ion *u monaster iee and coni iscated t he 1r lands. Hence, a religious wedge was driven between the two kingdoms. After 1547, Henry’s sickly son, Edward VI continued the movement away from Home. And although Queen Mary*-who was crowned in l553-~vigorou iy'returned Eng 1and to the Cat bo 11 c t o1d and mar r i <d Philip I 1 oi Spain, her re i gn lasted a brief five years. Following her death, she wan succeeded by her half sister. Elizabeth i. With the bond of marriage linking the Habsburgs to the Tudors, Anglo Spanish relations reached their most comfortable level. Elizabeth1s accession changed all this. Under her rule, England was once again jerked away trum Home. This essay considers Englishmen m Spain during Elizabeth's reign. During thin period (15681603), Anglo Spanish relations deteriorated to the point of open warfare, and the situation of the English in Spain changed dramatically. Once viewed as Catholic brothers, England’s merchants increasingly i full under suspicion. In addition, floods of Catholic exiles • i|hrlibd‘:'In f;tr«fccor tha tow Countriaa and Spain. At the beginning of 81 isobath's reign, the relations between the two nations were apparently cordial.1 In 1561, Ph i 1 ip 11 at tempted t o m t rengthen his k ingdom1s nava 1 resources by resuscitating the old legislation prohibiting the loading of Spanish goods on to foreign ships when Spanish bottoms were available.* At nearly the same time, Elizabeth desired to increase Engl i&h independence, to expand her trade on the Continent and to stimulate production oi raw materials. In addition, m 156£, English piracy had begun to increase.c> Then, in 166J, the import of cerveras ingrlesas was prohibited in the Low Countries. A few months later, English fabrics were banned.4 Yet this ban did more damage to the economy of the Low Countries than it did to England.* Despite this fact, Elizabeth responded in kind, banning some imports from the Low Countries, Such tit tor- tat continued until Philip II declared a general embargo upon English ships along his coasts.* Thus, the first Anyio~Spanish crisis of Elizabeth’s reign was well underway when in June 1564, Don Guzman de Silva, Canon of Toledo arrived at the English court as Spanish ambassador. Just six months later, in January 1565, the Netherlands were re-opened to Engl ion and the embargo passed with relatively little strain on the fundamental relationship between England and Spain.* The next crisis in Anglo-Spauish relations was preceded by the arrival in the Low Countries of the Duke of Alva. In August lbb7, he entered Brussels as Hhi1tp U ’n viceroy.f* Since Alva arrived with a large army with the potential to dies tab! 1 ize t he r eg i on, r»e 1 f hbor i rig ua t i ons - -os pec tally England— were, disturbed.w In addition., the Spanish .hake exacerbated the situation by intensifying'the persecution of Protest an t s i n the Low C ou t \ t r t e s . ‘v> Many significant events occurred in 156B; these led to a political crisis ami to another, more severe, trade embargo. One of these events occurred in September, when Ambassador de Silva was replaced by Don uuerau de Spes, a fervent opponent of ElIzaheth. 1 1 In that same year, Elizabeth imprisoned the Queen of Scots, enraging the Catholic world and leading to the excommunicat ion of the English Queen in lh70,!i? Also, by .iate 1566, English merchants reported increased harassment . in t ho how count rt* > . 1 % In the midst of this political wrangling, the appointment and recall of English Ambassador John Man revealed the clear collision course upon which England and Spain seemed bent. According to Gary Beil, Man’s “treatment, in Spain was symptomatic of the slowly worsening relations ; countries .which bed begun son* tine befor#."** Man m m m almost ideal candidate he was well- traveled and well-educated, yet he was not. religiously fervent . ’ * On 4 Apr i 1 156t>, he began the duties of hi* office. King Philip II seemed to hold Man in low esteem and to prefer the appointment of another. Certainly English ex lieu and the Duke of Peri a (whose wife was Jane Dormer, an / Eng Hah Catholic )t opposed Man. F t m attempted to make: Man*a position ‘hint enable.n ‘* When Man sent messages to London regarding the imprisonment of Philip J i' * insane son. Car 1 os, it was also reported that English religious services were not allowed at court. On 2b' January ibbW, the queen directed Man to demand permission to practice Anglican rites. Man requested an audience with the Spanish King, but was refused because of ’‘evidence*1 being gathered against him. on 23 April, lie was declared persona non grata and banished to the small village of Barajas. in June lie was retailed by Elizabeth, who held him blameless.'v According to Bell, Man *o banishment and revocation occurred not because he was a spy, but because Elizabeth instructed him to bring the religious issue to the forefront . tb* SpMiHi King cho«e to ii«fc« * hara~iii>« religious AAcCv' CA-Sc'VAASC'W^ " ;v C SI.-iK^5-$!S % :|V A Ay S\ AyA:;':: A y s? AA- ■. ' A' A:A A'lA ■ V ■ ■' iA IIlsS A lA iS II v\ l' rntand.10 'V ’:;■•••. ‘ "£»'S"" ' . ''b 1' A AA'A~, ;;': ..■ '• ’• A'AA.'’ A'. -A'.! ;;:■ -AAa'" '■ '-Aa- . cA " a';Aa''AAv AA'S'."... '-A No matter what the reason for his treatment, Elisabeth and the Privy Council remembered John Man when they dealt with Guerau de Spes, and Bernardino de Mendoza--both were expelled. And tor the res* of her reign, Elizabeth employed special ambassadors in Spain (1 ike Henry Uobham) when special tasks were undertaken.'*''* John Mari’s appointment and recall portrayed tne seriousness of the religious issue in the poll tics-of the time, and it clearly showed the see ire oi some ot the' Eng 1 is it Catholic exiles at court to maintain and perpetuate the collision course upon which England and Spain were set. Man’s revocation became significant when the post was left vacant for the 35 years following his removal. The absence of a permanent English ambassador at the Spanish court clearly displayed the depths to which Anyio-Spanish amity had fallen. ! Hot that it was an easy ,joo to fi!I ~the climate and religious orthodoxy of Spain’s meatt& central made an appointment to Madr id a veritab le exiie," * The moot significant event of 1568 r however, occurred- in the last month of that year. The English government impounded the pay-ships of the Duke of Alva's forces which had nought haven in Engl inti port after being attacked by mm Uthough Philip II 3- - '» ‘ -T „ “ s . - ~4 ,’ «■ V I '. 1 * ' *,*- ,V$# sed ' ml 1 English ; in Spain and the Low countries and halted trade between the three nation*.** tn 1569 an order was published that prohibited Spanish contracts with either English merchan* -c with their factors ant i1 after the embargo was 1 if ted.** Through such actions, the Spanish King hoped to coerce England to better relations with Spain through economic pressure." And while it is true that Elizabeth had not anticipated such a strong Spanish reaction, she was prepared to continue the of and oft. on b January the Eng it eh Queen proclaimed that all subjects of Philip ll and their goods were to be held in England.''* By Ibnu, England was in a much better position to oppose Spain; her network or trading partners had swelled, and Elizabeth attempted to maintain normal trade with nations not aligned with S p a m . Additionally. throughout the embargo, England managed to receive some Spanish goods through neutral countries- tc»pM. JaJ ly Prance . Soon alter Eiirabeih intercepted the pay ships. Ambassador Oe Spes asked Alva to interdict ships 1 row the port of Hamburg; he hoped t<< provoke a popular revolt against the English government by limiting even further the amounts of imports entering England. Alva, however, had no desire, to 1 r i^k e^en grea tr*t conflict with Elizabeth.'** . *lhe Spanish King, chose to accept his Duke * s' " temporizing policy"- rather than iu .»1 low relations' to grow any colder. But by Autumn 156S, the.likelihood of any switt resolution to the conflict seemed to disappear, even though Spanish sailors interned m England were released in June 1560.