University of Primorska Science and Research Centre of Koper Institute for Biodiversity Studies WWF Project Reference No 9Z1387.05 “Protected Areas for a Living Planet – Dinaric Arc Ecoregion Project” Protected Area Gap Analysis (Final Report) Peter Glasnovi ć, BSc Boris Krystufek, PhD Andrej Sovinc, MSc Mileta Bojovi ć, BSc Deni Porej, PhD December 2009 WWF Dinaric Arc Ecoregion Project Protected Area Gap Analysis The Final Report by: University of Primorska Science and Research Centre of Koper Institute for Biodiversity Studies Garibaldijeva 1 6000 Koper Tel.: ++386 5 663 77 00, fax: ++386 5 663 77 10 E-mail: [email protected] Regional Scientific Coordinator: Peter Glasnovi ć, BSc; Boris Krystufek, PhD; Andrej Sovinc, MSc Cartography: Mileta Bojovi ć, BSc National Scientific Coordinators: Leon Kebe, BSc (Slovenia); Irina Zupan, MSc (Croatia); Senka Barudanovi ć, PhD (Bosnia and Herzegovina); Dragan Roganovi ć, PhD (Montenegro); Genti Kromidha, PhD (Albania) External experts: Boris Sket, PhD; Maja Zagmaister, PhD; Borut Štumberger, BSc WWF Mediterranean Programme Office: Director of Conservation Deni Porej, PhD Project Leader Stella Šatali ć, MSc Partners of the project: TNC (The Nature Conservancy), EuroNatur, Institute for Nature Conservation in Albania (Albania), University of Sarajevo – Faculty of Science (Bosnia and Herzegovina), State Institute for Nature Protection (Croatia), Institute for Nature Protection (Montenegro) 2 WWF Dinaric Arc Ecoregion Project Protected Area Gap Analysis Acknowledgments: Dragan Kova čevi ć, Banja Luka (Bosnia and Herzegovina); Dejan Kulijer, Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina); Ozren Laganin, Banja Luka (Bosnia and Herzegovina); Matt Merrifield, PhD, TNC San Francisco (USA); Tihomir Predi ć, MSc, Banja Luka (Bosnia and Herzegovina); Dragan Ron čevi ć, National Park Kozara (Bosnia and Herzegovina); Ivica Udovi čić, Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina); Branko Vu čijak, PhD, Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 3 WWF Dinaric Arc Ecoregion Project Protected Area Gap Analysis List of Abbreviations CBD Convention on Biological Diversity BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina DAE Dinaric Arc Ecoregion NSC National Scientific Coordinator PA Protected Area PoWPA Programme of Work on Protected Areas RSC Regional Scientific Coordinator 4 WWF Dinaric Arc Ecoregion Project Protected Area Gap Analysis TABLE OF CONTENTS 0. FORWORD 11 1. INTRODUCTION 13 1.1. Executive Summary 13 1.2. Definition of DAE 22 1.2.1 Statistical Definition of the Region 25 1.3. Overview of Gap Analysis 26 1.3.1. Land Cover 26 1.3.2. Biodiversity Targets 28 1.3.3. Protected Areas (PAs) 28 1.3.4. Gap Analysis 30 1.4. Work Progress and Timetable 31 2. INPUT DATA 34 2.1. Biodiversity Targets 34 2.1.0. Elevation 34 2.1.1. Forests 35 2.1.1.1. Evergreen Forests & Scrubs 35 2.1.1.2. Oriental Hornbeam Forests 36 2.1.1.3. Thermophilous and Supra-Mediterranean Oak Woods 37 2.1.1.4. Thermophilous Beech Forests 37 2.1.1.5. Montane and Subalpine Beech Forests 38 2.1.1.6. Oak-Hornbeam Forests 39 2.1.1.7. Hygrophilic Forests of Common Oak 39 2.1.1.8. Coastal Flooded Forests of Ash and Common Oak 40 2.1.1.9. Spruce and Fir Forests 40 2.1.1.10. Omorika Spruce Forests 41 2.1.1.11. Forests of Heldreich’s Pine 42 2.1.1.12. Forests of Macedonian Pine 42 2.1.1.13. Shrubs of Mountain Pine 42 2.1.2. Other Terrestrial Targets 43 2.1.2.1. Bogs 43 2.1.2.2. Canyons 44 2.1.2.3. Streams and Rivers 45 2.1.2.4. Mediterranean Lakes 48 2.1.2.5. High Mountain Lakes 49 2.1.2.6. High Mountain Grasslands (‘rudine’) 50 2.1.2.7. Thermophilous Grasslands 51 2.1.2.8. Oromediterranean Rocky Habitats 52 2.1.2.9. High-Mountain Rocky Habitats 53 2.1.2.10. Karstic Fields With Surface Hydrology 53 2.1.3. Cave Biodiversity 55 2.1.4. Species 67 2.1.4.1. Small Terrestrial Mammals 67 2.1.4.2. Reptiles 78 2.1.4.3. Amphibians 90 5 WWF Dinaric Arc Ecoregion Project Protected Area Gap Analysis 2.1.4.4. Birds 96 2.1.4.5. Freshwater Fish of the Adriatic Basin 99 2.1.4.6. Large charismatic mammals 116 2.1.5. Marine 121 2.1.5.1. Sea Caves 122 2.1.5.2. Sea Grass Meadows 123 2.1.5.3. Coastal Lagoons 123 2.1.5.4. Bays 124 2.1.5.5. Salt Marshes, Standing Brackish and Saltwater 124 2.1.5.6. Dunes, Salt Steppes and Salt Scrubs 125 2.1.5.7. Fish Spawning and Feeding Sites 125 2.1.5.8. Corridors for the Loggerheaded Turtle 126 2.1.5.9. Important areas for bottlenose dolphin 126 3. PROTECTED AREAS 128 4. PLANNED INFRASTRUCTURE 145 5. GAP ANALYSIS 146 5.1. Altitudinal Distribution of PAs 146 5.1.1. Altitudinal Distribution of PAs in Slovenia 146 5.1.2. Altitudinal Distribution of PAs in Croatia 147 5.1.3. Altitudinal Distribution of PAs in Bosnia and Herzegovina 148 5.1.4. Altitudinal Distribution of PAs and land in Montenegro 150 5.1.5. Altitudinal Distribution of PAs in Albania 151 5.1.6. Altitudinal Distribution of PAs in the DAE 153 5.2. Distribution of gaps 155 5.2.1. Distribution of gaps in Slovenia 160 5.2.2. Distribution of gaps in Croatia 160 5.2.3. Distribution of gaps in Bosnia and Herzegovina 162 5.2.4. Distribution of gaps in Montenegro 162 5.2.5. Distribution of gaps in Albania 163 5.2.6. Distribution of gaps in the DAE 163 5.3. Biodiversity targets Gap Analysis 164 5.3.1. Forests 164 5.3.1.1. Evergreen forests & scrubs 164 5.3.1.2. Oriental hornbeam forests 165 5.3.1.3. Thermophilous and supra-Mediterranean oak woods 166 5.3.1.4. Thermophilous beech forests 167 5.3.1.5. Montane and subalpine beech forests 168 5.3.1.6. Oak-hornbeam forests 169 5.3.1.7. Hygrophilic forests of common oak 170 5.3.1.8. Coastal flooded forests of ash and common oak 171 5.3.1.9. Spruce and fir forests 172 5.3.1.10. Omorika spruce forests 173 5.3.1.11. Forests of Heldreich’s pine 174 5.3.1.12. Forests of Macedonian pine 175 5.3.1.13. Shrubs of mountain pine 176 5.3.2. Other terrestrial targets 177 5.3.2.1. Bogs 177 6 WWF Dinaric Arc Ecoregion Project Protected Area Gap Analysis 5.3.2.2. Canyons 178 5.3.2.3. Streams and rivers 179 5.3.2.4. Mediterranean lakes 181 5.3.2.5. High mountain lakes 182 5.3.2.6. High mountain grasslands (‘rudine’) 183 5.3.2.7. Thermophilous grasslands 184 5.3.2.8. Oromediterranean rocky habitats 185 5.3.2.9. High-mountain rocky habitats 186 5.3.2.10. Karstic fields with surface hydrology 187 5.3.3. Cave biodiversity 188 5.3.3.1. Coleoptera hotspots 188 5.3.3.2. Congeria kusceri 189 5.3.3.3. Marifugia cavatica 190 5.3.3.4. Velkovrhia enigmatica 191 5.3.3.5. Proteus anguinus 192 5.3.4. Species 193 5.3.4.1. Small terrestrial mammals 193 5.3.4.1.1. Sorex araneus 193 5.3.4.1.2. Sorex alpinus 194 5.3.4.1.3. Sorex minutus 195 5.3.4.1.4. Neomys fodiens 196 5.3.4.1.5. Neomys anomalus 197 5.3.4.1.6. Suncus etruscus 198 5.3.4.1.7. Talpa europaea 199 5.3.4.1.8. Talpa caeca 200 5.3.4.1.9. Talpa stankovici 201 5.3.4.1.10. Dinaromys bogdanovi 202 5.3.4.1.11. Myodes glareolus 203 5.3.4.1.12. Arvicola terrestris 204 5.3.4.1.13. Microtus arvalis 206 5.3.4.1.14. Microtus agrestis 207 5.3.4.1.15. Microtus subterraneus 208 5.3.4.1.16. Microtus liechtensteini 209 5.3.4.1.17. Microtus thomasi 210 5.3.4.1.18. Chionomys nivalis 211 5.3.4.1.19. Apodemus agrarius 212 5.3.4.1.20. Apodemus flavicollis 213 5.3.4.1.21. Apodemus epimelas 214 5.3.4.1.22. Micromys minutus 215 5.3.4.1.23. Mus spicilegus 216 5.3.4.1.24. Spalax leucodon 217 5.3.4.1.25. Muscardinus avellanarius 218 5.3.4.1.26. Dryomys nitedula 219 5.3.4.1.27. Eliomys quercinus 220 5.3.4.2. Reptiles 221 5.3.4.2.1. Testudo hermanni 221 5.3.4.2.2. Mauremys rivulata 222 5.3.4.2.3. Pseudapus apodus 223 5.3.4.2.4. Hemidactylus turcicus 224 5.3.4.2.5. Ablepharus kitaibelli 225 7 WWF Dinaric Arc Ecoregion Project Protected Area Gap Analysis 5.3.4.2.6. Algyroides nigropunctatus 226 5.3.4.2.7. Iberolacerta horvathi 227 5.3.4.2.8. Dinarolacerta mosorensis 228 5.3.4.2.9. Dinarolacerta montenegrina 229 5.3.4.2.10. Lacerta bilineata 230 5.3.4.2.11. Lacerta trilineata 231 5.3.4.2.12. Lacerta viridis 232 5.3.4.2.13. Dalmatolacerta oxycephala 233 5.3.4.2.14. Lacerta agilis 234 5.3.4.2.15. Podarcis erhardii 235 5.3.4.2.16. Podarcis melisellensis 236 5.3.4.2.17. Podarcis muralis 237 5.3.4.2.18. Podarcis sicula 238 5.3.4.2.19. Podarcis taurica 239 5.3.4.2.20.