NESTING BEHAVIOR OF REDDISH HERMITS (PHAETHORNIS RUBER) AND OCCURRENCE OF WASP CELLS IN NESTS YOSHIKA ONIKI REDraSHHermits (Phaethornisruber) are small hummingbirdsof the forested tropical lowlands east of the Andes and south of the Orinoco (Meyer de Schauensee,1966: 161). Five birds mist-nettedat Belem (1 ø 28' S, 48ø 27' W, altitude 13 m) weighed2.0 to 2.5 g (average2.24 g). I studiedtheir nestingfrom 14 October1966 to October1967 at Belem, Brazil, in the Area de PesquisasEco16gicas do Guam•t (APEG) and MocamboForest reserves,in the Instituto de Pesquisase Experimentaqfio Agropecu•triasdo Norte (IPEAN). Names of forest types used and the Portugueseequivalents are: tidal swamp forest (vdrze'a), mature upland forest (terra-/irme) and secondgrowth (capoeira). In all casescapo.eira has been in mature upland situations. At Belem Phaethornisruber is commonall year in the lower levels of secondgrowth (capoeira) where thin branchesare plentiful. Isolated males call frequently from thin horizontal branches,never higher than 2.5-3.0 m. The male sits erect and wags his tail forward and backward as he squeaksa seriesof insectlike"pi-pi-pipipipipipi" notes, 18-20 times per minute; the first two or three notesare short and separated,the rest are run togetherrapidly. The bird sometimesstops calling for someseconds and flasheshis tongue in and out several times during the interval. I foundno singingassemblies of malehermits such as Davis (1934) describes for both the Reddishand Long-tailedHermits (Phaethornissuperciliosus). and Snow (1968) for the Little Hermit (P. longuemareus). Breeding season.--The monthly rainfall at Belem in the year of the study was 350 to 550 mm from January to May and 25 to 200 mm from June to December,with lows in October and November and highs in March and April. I found nestsof P. ruber from June to October, from the end of the wet seasonto near the middle of the dry season. Pinto (1953) reportstwo nestsin Novemberand two othersin May. The peak is in July and August with 3 and 5 nestseach. Ruschi (1964) states the breedingperiod farther south at C6rrego Engano, Espirito Santo, Brazil to be October to February. Nests.--Mo.st of the 14 nests I found were in secondgrowth, a few in tidal swampforest, or mature upland forest. Figure 1 showslocations of nestsin the APEG reserve. Nest 1, in the Mocambo Forest, and nest 4, in the southernend of the APEG reserve,are not shown. All 14 nests were in young palms with few leaves: 10 were in Astrocaryummu•nbaca (mumbaca--I know of no English vernaculars, 720 The Auk, 87: 720-728. October 1970 Oct. 1970] Reddish Hermits 721 48027 ' 48027 ' Figure 1. Locations of 12 nests found in the northern end of APEG reserve. but the Portugueseones will be convenientin Table 1), 3 in Geonoma deversa(ubim), and 1 in Oenocarpusdistichus (bacaba). Pinto (1953: 146), reportingon 5 nestsfrom Be16min the CarlosEstev5o collection, notes2 on palm leaves(Maximiliana sp. and Euterpesp.) and 1 on a legumeleaf (Derrissp.). The first two nestswere in matureforest, the third in second-growthforest. Of 13 nests of the very similar P. longuemareusSkutch (1951) studiedin Costa Rica, 12 were in small palms; the other was attached to a leaf of a coffee bush. Most nestsare attachedwith spiderwebs beneath the tip of a palm leaf. The leaf tip bendsdown with the weightof the nest and hidesit. 722 ¾OSHIKAONIKI [Auk, Vol. 87 Figure 2. Nest of P. ruber with a young bird. It flew off after picture was taken. Usually I found a nest when the adult flew off. Nests ranged from 0.39 m to 2.30 m above the ground (average for 14 nests, 1.08 m). The wind sometimesshook a neststrongly, but birds did not build high in the under- growthor in the openwhere the wind might overturnthe leaf and spill out eggs. The nest is typicallyelongate and spindle-shaped.The lining is of soft material, primarily plumes of seedsof Prestonia surinamcrisis(Apoc- ynaceae) with some seedplumes of Bombax mumguba (Bombacaceae). The lower sectionof the nest is of coarsermaterial, suchas parts of leaves and branches,mosses and lichens, seedsof Prestonia surinamensis,and roots of grass. Some nests had long tails of these fragments (Figure 2; seeTable 1 for nestdimensions). At Belem nestsof P. superciliosusdiffer from thoseof P. tuber in size and structure. The nests of P. superciliosusare of fibers so loosely at- tachedthat one can seethe eggsthrough them. Nests of P. tuber are very Oct. 1970] Reddish Hermits 723 qqqqqqqqqqqqqq q 724 YOSHIKA O•K• [Auk, Vol. 87 tightly built, especiallythe receptacle,so eggsare not visible throughthe nest; the lower sectionof the nest is looser. Eggs and incubation.--The clutch consistsof two elliptical eggswhich are whitish without bright reflections. Three eggs from different nests measured8 x 11 mm, 9'x 12 mm, and 9 x 12 mm. As the male and female look alike, it is difficult to tell which sex incubatesand takescare of the young. I neversaw both parentstogether at a nest. Pinto (1953: 146) reports that five P. ruber collectedat the nest were females. In P. longuemareusfemales alone incubate and feed the young (Skutch, 1951). As the nestsI found alreadyhad eggsor young,I was unableto deter- mine the incubationperiod. Skutch (1964) reports incubationperiods of 17-18 days for P. superciliosusand 15-16 days for P. longuemareus. In three nestsonly one egg hatched; the unhatchedegg remained in each nest even after the young left. After the eggs hatched, eggshells remainedin the bottomsof nests and were crushedunder the young. Nestlingsand their care.--At hatchingthe younghave pinkishskin and somelight browndown on the back; the dark eyesare closed,but visible throughthe skin; the beaksare short and soft. They do not call; mainly they feed and rest. When handled for observationsand weighing they sometimesexcrete a pale yellowishliquid. After hatching,young stayed in nest 3 for 18 days, in nest 6 for 22 days, and in nest 7 for 19 days. These young probably departedsome days before they normally would have left, becauseI handled them repeatedlyfor observation,measuring, and collectionof parasites.Skutch (1951) reported 20-21 days in the nest for young P. longuemareusand 22-23 days for youngP. superciliosus. Mosquitoes(Culicidae) bit the smallyoung when the nestwas shallow, but not when the receptaclewas deeperand the youngwere lessexposed. When the youngbird is about to fledge,it has blackishfeathers around the eyes,a pale superciliaryline, a pale, short, soft beak, and a short tail. The wings are blackishand darker than thoseof adults. Table 2, summarizingobservations on natal care at nest 7, showsthe durationof absencesfrom the nestgradually increased as the younggrew, but the length of sessionson the nest remained almost the same. After the first week the adult fed the young and did not brood it. The adult flew directlyto the nestand perchedon the rim, beatingits wingsrapidly and waggingits tail up and downas it put its beak inside the buccal cavity of the nestling and regurgitated food by muscular contractionof the throat. To receivefood the nestlingtilted the head upwardand backward,as it alwaysfaced the palm leaf with its back to the Oct. 1970] ReddishHermits 725 726 Yos•:^ ONxxx [Auk, Vol. 87 parent. Sometimesfeeding was interruptedby one or two short pauses. After a feeding the parent sometimeslowered its head and seemedto pick up somethingin the bottom of the nest. Then the adult sat on the nest with breast toward the leaf, so that parent and nestling faced the same direction. This also occurs in Glaucis hirsuta (Novaes and de Carvalho, 1957) and P. longuemareus(Skutch, 1964). The adult sits on the nest with its head tilted upward so that the beak forms an angle of about 60-70 degreeswith the horizontal. Occasionally the sitting bird protrudesits tongueand opensand closesits beak, but otherwiseits only movementusually is that of the nictitating membrane. The bird ignoresmosquitoes, but looks about alertly if a wasp or other insect flies by and percheson the lower part of the nest. On 14 August the feedingswere somewhatdifferent; the adult came to the nest and hoveredwithout perchingwhile it fed the nestling. Then it withdrewthe beak,perched on the rim, and fed the youngagain. When feedingwas finished,the adult flew off without broodingthe nestling. When the youngwas 7 or 8 days old, it was more active when receiving food and moved its beak strongly. After feeding, the parent perched about 6 m from the nest on a thin branch. With its tail in constant movementforward and backward,it called and flashedits tonguein and out severaltimes. As soonas the adult flew, the nestlingmoved about, and sometimesit raised its tail to eject fecesbeyond the nest. The feces were 3 to 7 small, oval pellets attachedin a chain. After defecating,the nestlingsettled in the nest and stayedimmobile with closedeyes. To enter the nest, P. tuber flies to it directly without hesitation. On leaving the nest, the bird risesgently and, beatingits wings, flies upward and backward and perchesmomentarily on the rim of the nest before flying away. Sometimesit looksclosely at the nestand the nestlingin the few secondsbefore leaving. Nest success.--AsTable 1 shows,from the 19 or 20 eggslaid only 6 young fledged. Of 9 nestswith eggsor young, 2 were abandonedwhile containingeggs; in 1 both eggsdisappeared, in 1 both young died, in 3 nests1 egg hatchedand 1 youngwas fledged,in 1 only 1 young fledged, and both youngfledged only from 1 nest. Occurrenceo] waspcells.--I first noted cells of a wasp,Pison sp. under the lining in the lower sectionsof a P. tuber nest at the Mocamboreserve in October1966. As 8 of the 13 APEG reservenests contained such wasp cells, the associationis probably regular (Figure 3). Although other hummingbirdssuch as Glaucishirsuta, Threnetes leucurus, and Phaethornis superciliosushave somewhatsimilar nestsand breedingseasons at Beldm to thoseof P. tuber, I never found wasp cellsin their nests.