VOLUMEGEMS&GEMOLOGY XXVll SPRING 1991 SPRING 1991 Volume 27 No. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 The International Gemological Symposium: Facing the Future with GIA William E. Boyajian 2 Age, Origin, and Emplacement of Diamonds: Scientific Advances in the Last Decade Melissa B. IZirlzley, Iohn I. Gzlrney, and Alfred A. Levinson 26 Emeralds of the Panjshir Valley, Afghanistan Gary Bowersox, Lawrence W Snee, Eugene E. Foord, and Robert R. Seal II REGULARFEATURES 40 Gem Trade Lab Notes 46 Gem News 57 The Most Valuable Article Award and a New Look for Gems & Gemology I 59 Gems & Gemology Challenge - 61 Gemological Abstracts SPECIALSECTION: THE INTERNATIONAL GEMOLOGICALSYMPOSIUM Introduction 1 Abstracts of Feature Presentations 15 Panels and Panelists 17 Poster Session-A Marketplace of New Ideas ABOUT THE COVER: Diamonds are the heart of the jewelry industry Of critical importance is the continued supply of fine diamonds from the mines into the n~arlzetplace.The article on recenl research into the age, origin, and emplacement - of diamonds featured ~n this issue reviews new developments thul will be useful in the exploration and mining of diamonds for yeors to come. It cojncjdes with 1 the celebration of CIA'S diamond anniversary-60 years of service to the jewelry indrrstry In fi~tingtribute, this 89.01-ct D-internally flawless modified shield cut- the Guinea Star-sits above a group of fine rough diamonds that range from 0.74-12.76 ct. The faceted diamond is courtesy of William Goldberg Diamond Corp., New York; the other dicrmonds are courtesy of Cora Dinmond Corp., New York. Photo by Shone McClure. Typesetting for Gems & Gemology is by Scientific Composition, Los Angeles, CA. Color sepnrntions (ire by Effeclive Graphics, Compton, CA. Printing is by Waverly Press, East on, MD. 0 1991 Gemological Institute of America All rights reserved ISSN 0016-626X EDITORIAL Editor-in-Chief Editor Editor, Gem Trade Lab Notes STAFF Richard T Liddicoat Alice S. Keller C. W. Fryer 1660 Stewart St. Associate Editors Santa Monica, CA 90404 Editor, Gemological Abstracts William E. Boyajian Telephone: (800)421-7250 x251 Dona M. Dirlam D. Vincent Manson John Sinkanltas Subscriptions Editors, Book Reviews Gail Young Elise B. Misiorowslti Technical Editor Telephone: (800) 421 -7250, x201 Loretta B. Loeb Carol M. Stockton Fax: (213) 453-4478 Editors, Gem News Assistant Editor Contributing Editor John 1. Koivula Nancy K. Hays John 1. Koivula Robert C. Kamrnerling PRODUCTION Art Director Prodllction Artist Word Processor STAFF Lisa Joko Carol Silver Ruth Patchick EDITORIAL Robert Crowningshield Robert C. Kammerling Kurt Nassau REVIEW BOARD New York, NY Santa Monica, CA I? 0. Lebanon, N] Alan T. Collins Anthony R. Kampf Ray Page London, United Kingdoni Los Angeles, CA Santa Monica, CA Dennis Foltz Robert E. Kane George Rossman Snnta Monica, CA Santn Monicn, CA Pasadena, CA Emmanuel Fritsch John 1. I<oivula Kenneth Scarratt Santa Monica, CA Santa Monica, CA London, United Kingdom C. W. Fryer Henry 0. A. Meyer Karl Schmetzer Santa Monica, CA West Lafnyette, IN Petershnusen, Germany C. S. Hurlbut, Jr. Sallie Morton James E. Shigley Cam bridge, MA San lose, CA Santa ~Moniccr,CA SUBSCRIPTIONS Subscriptions in the U.S.A. are priced as follows: $49.95 for one year (4 issues), $119.95 for three years (12 issues). Subscriptions sent elsewhere are $59.00 for one year, $149.00 for three years. Special annual subscription rates are available for all students actively involved in a CIA program. $39.95 U.S.A., $49.00 elsewhere. Your student number must be listed at the time your subscription is entered. Single issues may be purchased for $12.50 in the U.S.A., $16.00 elsewherc. Discounts are given for bulk orders of 10 or more of any one issue. A limited number of back issues of G&G are also available for purchase. Pleasc address all inquirics regarding subscriptions and the purchase of single copies or back issues to the Sub- scriptioils Department. For subscriptions and back issues in Italy, please contact lstituto Gen~mologicoMcditerranco, Via Marinolaia #14, 1-38033, Cavalese TN, Italy. To obtain a Japanese translation of Gems el Gemology, contact the Association of Japan Gcm Trust, Okachimachi Cy Bldg, 5-15-14 Ueno, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110, Japan. MANUSCRIPT Gems el Gemology welcomes the submission of articles on all aspects of the field. Please see the Suggestions for SUBMISSIONS Authors in the Spring 1990 issue of the journal, or contact the editor for a copy. Letters on articles published in Gems eJ Gemology and other relcvant matters are also welcome. COPYRIGHT Abstracting is pcr~nittedwith credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limits of U.S. AND REPRINT copyright law for private use of patrons. l~~structorsare permitted to photocopy isolated articles for noncom~nercial PERMISSIONS classroom usc without fee. Copying of the photographs by any means other than traditional photocopying techniques (Xerox, etc.) is prohibited without the express permission of the photographer (wherc listcd) or author of the article in which the photo appears [where no photographer is listed). For other copying, reprint, or rcpublication permission, please contact the editor. Gems d Gemology is published quarterly by the Gemological Institute of America, a nonprofit educational organization for the jewelry industry, 1660 Stewart St., Santa Monica, CA 90404. Postmaster: Return undeliverable copies of Gems d Gemology to 1660 Stewart St., Santa ~Monica,CA 90404. Any opinions expressed in signed articles are understood to be the views of the authors and not of the publishers. FACINGTHE FUTUREWITH GI./! ixty years ago, industry visionary Robert M. Shipley had an idea. He believed there should Sbe a central educational resource and repository for gemological knowledge and science to train professional jewelers, and, in 1931, he founded the Gemological Institute of America to meet that need. The Institute has grown in size and scope over the last six decades to become a major factor in education and research for the international gem and jewelry trade, achieving a reputation for excellence and becoming a model for other industries. Four years ago, when we began to plan the celebration of our milestone Diamond Jubilee, we had an idea. We wanted to bring together the best and the brightest from the world of gems and jewelry and to provide them with a unique forum for the exchange of information and ideas. We wanted to make this opportunity available to the widest audience possible. And we wanted it to make a lasting contribution to the body of gemological lznowledge. From June 20 to 24, that idea, too, becomes a reality as we proudly present the International Gemological Symposium-our Diamond Jubilee celebration-at the Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles. Its theme, FACINGTHE FUTURE,will set the pace and the tone for an array of speeches, panels, presentations, and social events that will include the top echelon of our industry as participants and corporate sponsors. From its inception in 1987, to this moment, '!3ymposium has grown to a depth and richness of character that surpasses anything we, or you, might imagine. It is with equal pride that we present in this issue of Gems d Gemology a very special pre-Symposium section including abstracts of the more than 70 feature presentations and other highlights of what some are now calling "The event in the history of the industry." ems d Gemology, too, is marking a milestone. This issue begins its second decade of Gsuccess in its now-familiar expanded format and commemorates the international reputation it has won as the premier professional journal in gemology. In tandem celebration with GIAs Diamond Jubilee, GdG presents this preview special to whet your appetite and begin what will be an extended series of Symposium coverage. It is designed so that you, our valued readers, can witness first hand, through these pages, the gen~ologicalhistory to be made in June, just as you have witnessed the Institute's growth and development around the world over the years. Our goal is to include as much coverage of Symposium as publication space allows, and we will be publishing articles in upcoming issues on all significant and groundbrealzing presentations-preserving them for posterity in the literature of gemology. Ideally, we would lilze each and every one of you to attend Symposium, and we invite you to register, using the enrollment form enclosed for your convenience. Then, as you receive your next several issues of GdG, you can re-live, through in-depth articles and notes, many of the exciting experiences you will have had. Either way, whether you can be with us in person, or merely in spirit, the Gemological Institute of America and Gems e3 Gemologj~want you to be a part of our continuing progress in a global industry, because we can't imagine FACINGTHE FUTUREwithout you. William E. Boya jian President, GIA Editorial GEMS & GEMOLOGY Sprir~g1991 1 ScientiJic Advances in the Last Decade By Melissa B. Kirkley, John J. Gurney, and Alfred A. Levinson Cr;ontiGo nArmnrne ;n tho nnct AornAo he A~P~APn( the loanc ,,TAT mqinr ~ATF-~PPCin mrr UUIYIILIIIY CIU YUI.YD0 111 CllY YClLIC UYUUUY TT)lib UCbLIUb VI LIIb L/VVU OLIVV 1114)VL LIUILIIIUbO 111 VUL hove completely altered our understand- understanding of the age, origin, and emplacement of ing of certain concepts relating to the age iLiamonds. Much of the new data and their inter~reta- and origin of diamonds. As a generaliza- 1 %are found in highly technical scientific journais and tion, most diamonds formed more than conference proceedings that are rarely encountered by 990 million years ago, deep within the gemologists. Therefore, we have prepared this review earth, from either of two rock types, peri- dotite and eclogite.