Kasarda and Chen i Keywords: aerotropolis, airport, airport city, Air-City, aviation, Incheon Aerotropolis, Incheon Free Economic Zone (IFEZ), Incheon International Airport (ICN), smart city, Songdo International Business District, sustainable urbanism. Table of Contents Introduction.............................................................................................................1 Case Background......................................................................................................1 Incheon International Airport.................................................................................2 ICN Infrastructure and Facilities.........................................................................4 Environmental Issues and Corporate Social Responsibility...............................11 Air-City...................................................................................................................12 International Business Centre 1 (IBC-I).............................................................12 Paradise City Integrated Resort......................................................................14 International Business Centre 2 (IBC-II)...........................................................15 International Business Centre 3 (IBC-III).........................................................16 Inspire Integrated Resort...............................................................................16 South Water Basin..............................................................................................18 SKY72 Golf Club.................................................................................................19 BMW Driving Center.........................................................................................20 Fashion Island....................................................................................................21 ICN Free Trade Zone..........................................................................................21 The Incheon Free Economic Zone and Greater Aerotropolis................................23 Smart City Applications.....................................................................................26 Major Aerotropolis Developments Beyond ICN................................................30 Yeongjong International District.......................................................................30 Midan City......................................................................................................33 Caesars Korea Integrated Resort.............................................................33 Dream Island..................................................................................................34 Sky City...........................................................................................................34 Yeongjong Aviation Cluster............................................................................35 Yongyu/Muui Coastal Area............................................................................36 i Kasarda and Chen ii Cheongna International District........................................................................36 Hana Financial Town.....................................................................................37 Central Lake Park and Cheongna City Tower................................................38 Robot Land.....................................................................................................39 GM Daewoo R&D Center and Proving Grounds............................................39 Cheongna Medical Complex Town.................................................................40 Cheongna Dalton School................................................................................40 Incheon High-Tech Park.................................................................................41 Songdo International District.............................................................................41 Golden Harbor and New Port.........................................................................42 Songdo Landmark City...................................................................................44 Knowledge & Information Industry Complex................................................45 Incheon Technopark................................................................................45 Bio Complex and Bio Cluster..........................................................................46 High-Tech Industrial Cluster.........................................................................47 Songdo International Complex......................................................................50 Incheon Global Campus..........................................................................50 City Construction Complex & Fishermen Living Countermeasure Complex...................................................................................................52 Songdo American Town.................................................................................53 Songdo Waterfront.........................................................................................53 Songdo International Business District (Songdo IBD)......................................53 Central Park....................................................................................................56 Office Developments......................................................................................58 POSCO Tower..........................................................................................59 POSCO Office Complex...........................................................................60 G-Tower...................................................................................................61 Songdo International Business Square Tower........................................62 Centroad..................................................................................................62 Residential Developments..............................................................................62 The ♯ First World.....................................................................................63 ii Kasarda and Chen iii The ♯ Central Park I & II..........................................................................64 Chadwick International School Songdo.........................................................65 Jack Nicklaus “Signature” Golf Club Korea...................................................66 Convention, Performance, and Arts Centers..................................................67 Convensia.................................................................................................67 Tri-Bowl Arts Center...............................................................................68 Arts Center Incheon................................................................................69 Retail Developments......................................................................................70 Hotels and Serviced Apartments....................................................................70 Sustainability..................................................................................................72 Degrees of Smart City Success........................................................................75 Attracting People and Businesses............................................................76 Development Comparisons and Critiques of Songdo IBD.......................77 iii Kasarda and Chen 1 Introduction South Korea’s Incheon Aerotropolis leads the world in the combined magnitude, range, and quality of commercial investment in both its airport city core and peripheral business and urban clusters. Its planning and development epitomize the principles of “thinking big, acting fast, and doing it right”. The aerotropolis is anchored by dual central business districts: “Air-City” and Songdo International Business District (Songdo IBD). Incheon International Airport (ICN) hosts Air-City, an impressive array of office, convention, hospitality, shopping, leisure, and logistics complexes. A 21.4-kilometer, US$2.3 billion bridge links ICN and Air-City to Songdo IBD (formerly New Songdo City), a US$35 billion aviation-oriented smart city built on land reclaimed from the sea that cornerstones the much broader Incheon Free Economic Zone (IFEZ). Together, ICN, Air-City, Songdo IBD, and the IFEZ represent a paragon of airport, airport city, and aerotropolis development. Though not without challenges and critiques (that are discussed herein), their development paths and accomplishments can serve as models for successful airport, airport city, and aerotropolis initiatives elsewhere. ICN routinely ranks at the top in airport- industry surveys, laureled for its passenger experiences and services as well as its operational efficiency. Its Air-City is unmatched in its range of high-end commercial facilities and appeal to affluent tourists. The IFEZ has arguably been more successful in attracting modern businesses than any other airport-area economic zone while Songdo IBD has evolved into a hyperconnected airport edge city (and precursor of many other smart city initiatives) that limits sprawl, mitigates the effects of human activity on the environment, and addresses growing demand for sustainable development. Case Background In 2000, a year before ICN opened, the South Korean government and the new airport’s planners invited me (John Kasarda) to discuss airport city and aerotropolis