By Helen and Mark Warner www.teachingpacks.co.uk © Teaching Packs - The Human Body - Page 1 Image © ThinkStock Thank you for downloading this e-book from Teaching Packs. We hope that it, along with the accompanying resources, are useful to you and the children that you teach. Please be aware of the following information before using this book. Please DO: * Print and copy this book (on paper or electronically), so that you can use it with the children that you teach. * Tell others if you have found it useful. * Email [email protected] if you have any suggestions, or find any mistakes, so that we can continue to improve the book in the future. Please DO NOT: * Copy or share this book (in part or whole) with others who have not joined our site. By becoming a member for themselves, they will help us to continue making more fantastic resources for everyone in the future. Thank you, Mark and Helen Warner © Teaching Packs - The Human Body - Page 2 Introduction The Skin 4 Why is skin so important? 23 The Skeleton The Eyes What does the skeleton do? 6 How do we see? 26 The Muscles The Ears Why do we have muscles? 10 How do we hear? 28 The Lungs The Nose and Mouth How do we breathe? 13 How do we smell and taste? 31 The Heart The Nervous System How does blood move around the body? 16 What are nerves for? 35 The Digestive System The Immune System How does the body break down food? 19 How do we protect ourselves against infection? 37 The Kidneys Staying Healthy How does the body get rid of waste? 21 Why are diet and exercise so important? 40 All the underlined words in this book can be found in the glossary (on page 43). Use this to check their meaning if you need to. © Teaching Packs - The Human Body - Page 3 The body has many organs that Brain Skin (controls the (protects the body from In this section, whole body) do special jobs. Here are some damage, infection and you will learn Lungs drying out) of the most important ones. (take in oxygen from about... the air and get rid of Heart carbon dioxide) (pumps blood around the body) 1. The major Some parts of the body work systems and Stomach together to form a system: (stores and organs in the digests food) human body. Circulatory System Nervous System This supplies essential The main substances to (and control system 2. How our bodies removes waste from) of the body. the cells in the Liver change as we body and helps it (gets rid of toxins Kidneys to fight infection. Respiratory System and controls blood (make urine from go through the The process of sugar levels) waste products and breathing provides excess water) stages of the Skeletal System cells with oxygen Large Intestine The skeleton and removes human life cycle. (changes food protects the organs carbon dioxide waste into poo) Small Intestine and allows the from the body. body to move. (digests food and absorbs nutrients into Digestive System Bladder the blood) Urinary System Takes in and (stores urine) Processes blood processes food. and removes waste urine. © Teaching Packs - The Human Body - Page 4 Images © ThinkStock Our bodies change as we go through different stages in our lives: Fertilisation Childhood An egg (from the When we learn to mother) is fertilised by a Foetus walk and talk. sperm (from the father). A baby grows inside its Baby mother’s womb. After nine months, a baby is born. Adolescence When children become teenagers. Death Old Age The life cycle ends. Parts of the body may Adulthood begin to deteriorate. Puberty takes place during adolescence. When our bodies This is when the bodies of boys and girls are fully developed. begin to develop into adults, so that they are able to have babies themselves. © Teaching Packs - The Human Body - Page 5 Images © ThinkStock Skull Collar Bone Shoulder Blade What does the skeleton do? Ribs In this section, Your skeleton acts as a framework, giving your you will learn body its shape. It also supports and protects all of about... Spine your internal organs. Without a skeleton, your 1. Why your skeleton is body would be like a wobbly jelly! Pelvis important to you. To enable you to move, your skeleton is Hand Bones 2. What your joined together with muscles and joints. bones are Thigh Bone made from. Joints are where two bones join together. Cartilage Knee Ligament Cap 3. Important bones Shin in your body, Bone including the A model of Bone Bone skull. the human Foot skeleton. Bones A joint. Ligament © Teaching Packs - The Human Body - Page 6 Images © ThinkStock What are bones made from? Bones are hard on the outside. The outer part of the bone is made from a mineral called calcium and a fibre called collagen. This makes it strong and flexible. However, bones are not solid all the way through. Blood vessels Hard Outer and spongy bone can be found Bone inside each bone. At the centre is a soft tissue called bone marrow. Spongy Bone marrow is extremely Bone important because it stores fat and it also makes new blood cells to Blood keep your body healthy. Vessels Did you know? Marrow Bones are as strong as steel and they are also six times lighter. © Teaching Packs - The Human Body - Page 7 Cross-section of a bone. Image © ThinkStock Skull What are some of the most important bones in the body? The spine is one of the most important bone structures in your body The skeleton because it connects your skull to your pelvis and keeps you standing inside the human body. upright. The spine is made up of 26 bones called vertebrae. Discs of cartilage between each vertebrae make the spine flexible. At the centre of you spine is your spinal cord, which is a complex network of Ribs nerves. These are essential for carrying nerve impulses between the brain and rest of your body. Spine The ribs are also attached to the spine and form a protective cage around your heart and lungs. Pelvis Did you know? Bones are constantly reshaping themselves. This means that within a seven year cycle, the skeleton will replenish and replace itself. The ribs protect many of our organs. © Teaching Packs - The Human Body - Page 8 Images © ThinkStock What is the skull? The skull protects your brain. The brain controls the whole body, so it is very important that it is well protected. The skull is made up of twenty-two bones: • Eight bones form the domed cranium at the top of the skull. • Fourteen facial bones provide the face’s structure and hold the eyeballs in place. The only moveable part in the skull is the lower jaw. This allows you to eat and talk. Did you know? The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones and makes up 20% of our body weight. These bones are A human skull. linked by approximately four hundred joints. © Teaching Packs - The Human Body - Page 9 Image © ThinkStock How do we move? In this section, you will learn Without muscles, your body could not move. about... Everything from walking, running and jumping 1. Different types to blinking your eyes involves muscles. of muscles. There are three different types of muscle in 2. How skeletal muscles help us the human body: to move. • skeletal muscle (attached to your skeleton), 3. The role of • smooth muscle (found inside hollow organs), smooth and cardiac muscles • cardiac muscle (found in the heart). in the body. There are Did you know? about 650 We use seventeen muscles to smile layers of skeletal and forty-three to to frown! muscles in the body. © Teaching Packs - The Human Body - Page 10 Image © ThinkStock What are skeletal muscles? Skeletal muscles help you to move and keep your skeleton upright. Tendons join the skeletal muscles to the bones and ligaments hold the joints together. To move a joint back and forth, two muscles have to work in a The knee joint. pair. One muscle contracts (gets shorter) and pulls the bone, while the other muscle relaxes (gets longer). To move the joint back, the muscles do the opposite. Arm moves this way This muscle This muscle relaxes contracts Arm moves this way This muscle relaxes This muscle contracts © Teaching Packs - The Human Body - Page 11 Images © ThinkStock Did you know? What are smooth muscles? Muscle makes up Smooth muscles are found in hollow organs such as 35-40% of the weight of the human body. the intestines, stomach and bladder. These muscles are made up of shorter fibres that are layered in sheets. They contract unconsciously (without our brains telling them to do so). The smooth muscles in the stomach and intestines contract to push food along. This helps with digestion. What are cardiac muscles? Cardiac muscle is found only in the walls of the heart. These muscles are striped like skeletal muscles and they are branched like a network to make them strong. These muscles contract to pump blood around the body. When you are resting, your heart beats more slowly because you need less oxygen. When you are exercising, your body needs more oxygen so your heart beats faster. © Teaching Packs - The Human Body - Page 12 Images © ThinkStock Why do we need to breathe? In this section, The air contains a very important gas called you will learn about... oxygen. Oxygen is essential to keep us alive and enable our bodies to release energy. Every single Trachea 1.