MSR-PPS document title/ titre du document ARS AMPLE ETURN LANETARY ROTECTION PECIFICATION FOR HASE YSTEM TUDY prepared by/préparé par G. Kminek reference/réference Aurora/GK/EE/005.04 issue/édition Draft revision/révision 1 date of issue/date d’édition April 2006 status/état Document type/type de document Specification Distribution/distribution a ESTEC Keplerlaan 1 - 2201 AZ Noordwijk - The Netherlands Tel. (31) 71 5656565 - Fax (31) 71 5656040 MSR– Planetary Protection Specification DRAFT revision 1 – April 2006 Aurora/GK/EE/005.04 page 2 of 29 APPROVAL Title Mars Sample Return Planetary Protection Specification Draft revision 1 titre issue revision author Gerhard Kminek date April 2006 auteur date Approved by date Approuvé by date CHANGE LOG reason for change /raison du changement issue/issue revision/revision date/date Updated, including ECSS and Special Regions Draft 1 April 2006 activities CHANGE RECORD Issue: DRAFT Revision: 1 reason for change/raison du changement page(s)/page(s) paragraph(s)/paragraph(s) MSR– Planetary Protection Specification DRAFT revision 1 – April 2006 Aurora/GK/EE/005.04 page 3 of 29 This document was prepared with the support of Andre Debus, CNES Planetary Protection Official Representative, and J. Andy Spry, Beagle II Planetary Protection Manager. MSR– Planetary Protection Specification DRAFT revision 1 – April 2006 Aurora/GK/EE/005.04 page 4 of 29 T ABLE O F C ONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 SCOPE....................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 APPLICATION............................................................................................................................................ 6 1.3 MSR MISSION OVERVIEW........................................................................................................................ 6 1.4 TERMINOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.5 ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................................. 7 1.6 REQUIREMENTS IDENTIFICATION.............................................................................................................. 8 2. DOCUMENTS............................................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ......................................................................................................................... 9 3. PLANETARY PROTECTION MANAGEMENT................................................................................. 11 4. IDENTIFICATION OF MSR PLANETARY PROTECTION CATEGORY .................................... 12 5. PLANETARY PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MSR MISSION............................... 13 5.1 GENERAL MISSION REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................................................... 13 5.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LAUNCH VEHICLE........................................................................................... 14 5.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR ORBITER MODULE ................................................................................................. 14 5.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR LANDED SYSTEM................................................................................................... 14 5.5 REQUIREMENTS FOR SAMPLE CONTAINMENT, PRESERVATION, AND RETRIEVAL ................................... 15 6. METHODS AND PROCEDURES .......................................................................................................... 17 6.1 BIOBURDEN LEVEL ESTIMATE................................................................................................................ 17 6.1 BIOBURDEN ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES ................................................................................................ 17 6.2 BIOBURDEN REDUCTION PROCEDURES .................................................................................................. 17 7. PLANETARY PROTECTION DOCUMENTATION AND REVIEWS ............................................ 19 7.1 PLANETARY PROTECTION CATEGORY ASSIGNMENT REQUEST (CATEGORY I-V) ................................... 19 7.2 PLANETARY PROTECTION PLAN (CATEGORY II-V) ................................................................................ 19 7.3 EARTH SAFETY ANALYSIS PLAN (CATEGORY V, RESTRICTED EARTH RETURN).................................... 20 7.4 CONTAMINATION ANALYSIS PLAN (CATEGORY III*-IV) ....................................................................... 21 7.5 BIOBURDEN ASSAY PLAN (CATEGORY III*-IV)..................................................................................... 22 7.6 BIOBURDEN REDUCTION PLAN (CATEGORY III*-IV) ............................................................................. 23 7.7 BIOHAZARD ASSESSMENT PROTOCOL (CATEGORY V, RESTRICTED EARTH RETURN)............................ 24 7.8 PRE-LAUNCH PLANETARY PROTECTION REPORT (CATEGORY II-IV)..................................................... 24 7.9 POST-LAUNCH PLANETARY PROTECTION REPORT (CATEGORY II-IV)................................................... 24 7.10 EARTH RETURN PLANETARY PROTECTION REPORT (CATEGORY V, RESTRICTED EARTH RETURN)..... 25 7.11 SAMPLE RECEIVING FACILITY COMMISSIONING REPORT (CATEGORY V, RESTRICTED EARTH RETURN) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 25 MSR– Planetary Protection Specification DRAFT revision 1 – April 2006 Aurora/GK/EE/005.04 page 5 of 29 7.12 EARTH RETURN PRE-ENTRY PLANETARY PROTECTION REPORT (CATEGORY V, RESTRICTED EARTH RETURN) ...................................................................................................................................................... 25 7.13 EARTH RETURN POST-LANDING PLANETARY PROTECTION REPORT (CATEGORY V, RESTRICTED EARTH RETURN) ...................................................................................................................................................... 25 7.14 SAMPLE PRE-RELEASE PLANETARY PROTECTION REPORT (CATEGORY V, RESTRICTED EARTH RETURN) ...................................................................................................................................................... 26 7.15 MISSION EXTENSION PLANETARY PROTECTION REPORT (CATEGORY I-V).......................................... 26 7.16 END OF MISSION PLANETARY PROTECTION REPORT (CATEGORY I-V) ................................................ 26 APPENDIX 1: STERILIZATION METHODS ......................................................................................... 27 1.1 DRY HEAT STERILIZATION ..................................................................................................................... 27 1.2 GAMMA RADIATION STERILIZATION ...................................................................................................... 27 1.3 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE GAS PLASMA STERILIZATION ............................................................................. 28 1.4 ALCOHOL WIPING .................................................................................................................................. 28 APPENDIX 2: SUMMARY OF MILESTONES AND DELIVERIES .................................................... 29 MSR– Planetary Protection Specification DRAFT revision 1 – April 2006 Aurora/GK/EE/005.04 page 6 of 29 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 sets up the general principles applicable to the exploration and use of outer space. Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty constitutes the primary statement of international law: “States parties shall pursue studies of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, and conduct exploration of them so as to avoid their harmful contamination and also adverse changes in the environment of the Earth resulting from the introduction of extraterrestrial matter and, when necessary, adopt appropriate measures for this purpose”. Harmful contamination in that sense is defined as biological contamination, including organic-constituents, to protect the environment and to allow future exobiology research. The Committee On Space Research (COSPAR) has established some planetary protection guidelines, based on the Outer Space Treaty. These guidelines impose requirements on spaceflight missions according to 5 categories of target body/mission type combinations [RD 1]. This MSR Planetary Protection Specification defines the rules which have to be respected in order to comply with the internationally accepted planetary protection requirements. 1.2 Application This MSR Planetary Protection Specification is applicable to: The MSR spacecraft modules (e.g., Carrier, Orbiter, DM, MAV, ERC); The MSR launch vehicle(s); All mission phases until delivery of the returned hardware and samples to a dedicated MSR Receiving Facility. 1.3 MSR Mission Overview The MSR mission is the second proposed flagship mission of the Aurora program of the European Space Agency. The objective of the MSR mission is to collect and return Martian samples to Earth [RD 2]. 1.4 Terminology Aseptic: The state of having eliminated all detectable