INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The transformation of society from agricultural and cottage industries to urban factory life because of new inventions AgriculturalAgricultural RevolutionRevolution = “More Food” AgriculturalAgricultural RevolutionRevolution = “More Food” CropCrop RotationRotation – Fewer farmers needed •Lord Townshend in England introduced crop rotation – land could now be used year-round; certain crops revitalized soil EnclosedEnclosed FarmsFarms – Increased farming efficiency •Enclosure movement had large land owners buying and then fencing public land LivestockLivestock BreedingBreeding – More productive AverageAverage WeightWeight ofof SteerSteer 1700: 370 lbs 1786: 840 lbs AverageAverage WeightWeight ofof SheepSheep 1700: 28 lbs 1786: 100 lbs New inventions - “ Increased productivity and lowered prices of food” Jethro Tull’s seed drill was one of the inventions which helped improve agricultural production and led to the need for fewer workers on the farm. MoreMore ProductiveProductive – Meat and Wheat = less starvation •More food produced = population increase •Cheaper prices for food •Better nutrition (improved health care) •In 1700 there were about 100 million people in Europe, by 1800 the population had grown to over 200 million Europe Population 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 100 163 203 276 408 Smaller farmers pushed off of land to work as wage laborers for various land owners or to move to the growing cities Textile Industry Takes Off Domestic system (cottage industry) had dominated the early 1700s; merchants dropped off raw materials at people’s homes, picked up finished products later The Putting-Out System ^ The "putting-out system" was a way for 18th-century businesses to contract workers from their homes; an example of cottage industry. ^ Different parts of a product were made in the home, collected, and then assembled at a central location. ^ The main products of this system were textiles, locks, guns, and iron goods such as pots, pans, and pins. ^ In the cottage textile industry, for example, the entire family was involved in cotton yarn production: ^ Children would sort the cotton fibers in a process called carding. ^ Women would spin the fibers into threads. ^ Men would weave the threads into fabric. Series of inventions modernize textile manufacturing, including: 1733 - Flying Shuttle (John Kay) – Used to weave cloth 1767 – Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves) – Allowed for multiple threads to be woven together 1769 – Water Frame (Richard Arkwright) – Used water to power the spinning frame 1785 – Water Loom (Edmund Cartwright) – First machine that could weave cloth The Water Wheel Grist Mill Sound A water wheel is a means of converting the kinetic energy of flowing water into mechanical energy to operate machines. Water wheels were primarily used to power grist mills for making flour. During the Industrial Revolution, Richard Arkwright used the water wheel to spin cotton thread. Later, water wheels were adapted to run many spinning machines and looms. The most powerful water wheel built in the United Kingdom was the 100 hp water wheel at Quarry Bank Mill. Water Wheels Factory Falls in Lowell Water Wheel on the Orontes River in Syria Water Wheel in New Lanark, Scotland •1793 – Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney) – Machine that separated cotton seeds from the cotton •These advancements resulted in the movement of work from the home to the factory New Inventions -“Increased Productivity and Lowered Prices” Advances in Steam “Factory Machines to Trains” James Watt developed the first practical steam engine in 1765 James Watt and Practical Steam Power James Watt was a Scottish engineer who, in 1775, modified the steam engine and made it practical for industrial use. He is credited with the invention of the sun and planet gear, a method of converting reciprocal (back and forth) motion to rotary (circular) motion. James Watt Sun and Planet Gear .