Introduction Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs The River Congo – Africa’s Sleeping Giant Regional Integration and Intersectoral Conflicts in the Congo Basin Tobias von Lossow SWP Comments Making greater use of the waters of the Congo could boost development across – and beyond – the region, but threatens to favour particular users’ interests at the expense of others. Within its enormous catchment area, the Congo is the dominant transport net- work and the lifeblood of the African rain forest, upon which millions depend for their livelihoods. Tapping the river’s resources could significantly improve the region’s water and food supplies, while its hydro-energy potential could theoretically satisfy the elec- tricity needs of the entire continent. Plans to construct more major dams at the Inga Falls demonstrate that the ten Congo Basin states are pursuing common goals – but also hav- ing to deal with sharpening intersectoral conflicts. An inconsistent line on dam-building makes it harder for Germany to play a constructive role in these development processes. When funding for the Inga 3 dam was sus- wide in places, and up to 220 metres deep; pended in summer 2017, the government its catchment area is the largest in Africa of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (3.7 million square kilometres, or about (DRC) called on potential investors to ten times the size of Germany). Countless replan the project, preferably on a larger branching tributaries, waterways and canals scale. This sent a clear message that the criss-cross Central Africa, creating a dendri- DRC intends to forge ahead with the con- tic network totalling 25,000 kilometres (see troversial hydro-power expansion, where map, p. 2). The Congo is the lifeblood of Cen- the associated boost to mining poses con- tral Africa’s socio-economic development: siderable risks for the gigantic river system. most important regional transport network, At more than 4,700 kilometres, the pulse of a gigantic ecosystem, Africa’s Congo is Africa’s second-longest river after largest body of fresh water, and the world’s the Nile. It rises in the equatorial high- greatest reserve of untapped hydro-power. lands, flows the length of Africa’s largest rain forest, and drains into the Atlantic on the continent’s west coast. After the Ama- Congo I: Transport and Navigation zon it is the world’s second-largest river by The Congo represents the prime means of volume, discharging 41,000 cubic metres transport in a region whose roads are poor per second. The Congo is eleven kilometres and often impassable in the rainy season, Tobias von Lossow is a PhD fellow in SWP’s Middle East and Africa Division and a Visiting Research Fellow at Clingendael – SWP Comments 46 the Netherlands Institute of International Relations November 2017 1 Map: The Congo River Basin railways run down, and flights scarce and Accidents with hazardous loads cause expensive. Many more remote settlements risks to the environment. While the enor- are reachable only by water, making the mous volume of the Congo can absorb pol- river the only transport infrastructure for lutants better than most, the frequency of significant parts of the population. Espe- such incidents is increasing. Another prob- cially from eastern DRC, it often takes lem is the illegal “taxes” collected along cer- weeks to reach the capital Kinshasa, with tain stretches by local networks and crimi- passengers generally travelling on cargo nal gangs. This side-effect of inadequate barges. Commerce also depends heavily on state control severely hampers passenger the waterways: officially more than 1.5 mil- and freight traffic. Especially in the south- lion gross register tonnes are transported eastern and northern parts of the basin, annually between Bangui and Kinshasa. The shipping also struggles with falling water actual volume is even greater, as freight in levels caused by declining rainfall. The flow the informal sector – which accounts for of the Oubangui for example, an important the bulk of transported goods – generally tributary in the north, has fallen by one- goes unrecorded. fifth over the past forty years. Sections that Despite its crucial importance for trans- were once navigable year-round can now port, the Congo’s shipping infrastructure is be used no more than two hundred days deficient: ports lie in ruins, jetties crumble, per year, leaving certain settlements cut signals and (warning) signs are neither off from the outside world. maintained nor renewed. Crews are often poorly trained, and accidents a regular occurrence on the treacherous waterway. Congo II: Every year more than one thousand lives Ecosystem and Biodiversity are reported lost through storms, naviga- The Congo is inseparably bound up with tion errors and incidents involving poorly the rain forest it flows through, which is maintained and overloaded vessels; the true the world’s second-largest. The river system figure is certainly higher. and its wetlands form the arteries of the SWP Comments 46 November 2017 2 tropical rain forest, supplying the water for mains supply; only 26 percent of the popu- its humid climate. The forest’s precipitation lation enjoy adequate access to clean drink- in turn supplies large quantities of water to ing water. While the figures for the other the river’s middle reaches. About 50 percent Congo Basin states are slightly better, poor of the Congo’s water cycle occurs here, with water management and lack of funds still evaporation from the rain forest accounting leave most of the population dependent on for 75–95 percent of the region’s rainfall. shallow wells or untreated surface water, The Central African rain forest is the and as a consequence exposed to grave world’s most diverse, home to more than health risks and elevated mortality. 10,000 plant species and 2,500 animal spe- A similar picture is found in the food cies, including two-thirds of all primates. supply, which falls far short of needs and With the rain forest holding the equivalent potential. There are few irrigation projects of up to 39 billion tonnes of CO2 – corre- of any size in the Congo Basin; given the sponding roughly to total global emissions high precipitation most agriculture is rain- in 2016 – the Congo’s water regime influ- fed. And most of the population practise ences the global as well as regional climate. subsistence farming. As a result of under- About the same quantity of CO2 again is developed agricultural structures, all ten held in the basin’s peatlands and wetlands. Congo Basin states are net importers of This critical ecosystem faces massive food, including grain, maize and rice. threats, with logging and mining steadily eating away at the forest. An area of about 2,000 square kilometres is lost each year, Congo IV: with effects much wider than the immedi- Hydro-power ate destruction of forest and loss of diver- The Congo basin accounts for 13 percent sity. As the ecosystem’s capacity to store and of global hydro-power potential, equivalent release water is degraded, precipitation and to 100,000 MW. That would be enough to river flow decline too, endangering the very supply the current electricity needs of the existence of the rain forest, hampering navi- entire continent of Africa. Moreover, con- gation and degrading hydro-power poten- ditions are favourable: steep gradients in tial. In many places climate change is also places, suitable geological formations, high reducing rainfall, as reflected in falling wa- flow rate and strong pressure, and a large ter levels in the upper and middle reaches. volume subject to comparatively small annual fluctuations. To date, however, less than 3 percent of Congo III: this potential has been tapped. While there Water Supply and Agriculture are about forty barrages altogether, only The Congo is by far the largest African river; the Inga dams south of Kinshasa generate its annual discharge of 1.3 trillion cubic significant amounts of electricity: metres is about ten times the Nile’s and five Inga 1 was completed in 1972 with rated times the Zambezi’s. The river contains about output 351 MW. one-third of the continent’s fresh water. Inga 2 came on stream in 1982 and gen- On top of providing the region with an ad- erates up to 1,424 MW. equate supply of drinking water, this would Inga 3, with a capacity of 4,800 MW, was be enough to irrigate about 60,000 square scheduled to be built as first stage of the kilometres of agricultural land and improve Grand Inga project from 2017 onwards, the precarious food security situation. costing u13 billion. Presently, however, little use is made Grand Inga is planned to unfold in several of the Congo’s resources. Domestic water stages, ultimately generating 40,000 MW supplies are appalling across the basin. Less (or almost half of Africa’s current elec- than 10 percent of DRC households have a tricity demand). This would be the world’s SWP Comments 46 November 2017 3 largest hydro-electric project, with been discussed and planned in a regional a projected cost of around u50–60 context. Moreover, several states would billion. profit from such measures. Finally, DRC Hydro-power has been slow to develop, requires partners to tackle major hydraulic on account of high costs, the fragile secu- engineering projects. Other Congo Basin rity situation and a poor investment en- states investing here expect a certain vironment in recent decades. In fact, even degree of control over the river’s resources. the installed capacities are not fully used. The only discussion capable of stirring Inga 1 and Inga 2 run at under 50 per- conflict is the idea of pumping water to cent, partly because maintenance has been other basins, which reappears at intervals.