TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Letter of Transmittal Location Map of Study Area Village Location Map Acronyms and Abbreviations Executive Summary Chapter 1 Introduction..............................................................................1-1 1.1 General ............................................................................................................1-1 1.2 Outline of the Study..........................................................................................1-2 1.2.1 Background of the Study .......................................................................1-2 1.2.2 Objectives of the Study .........................................................................1-3 1.2.3 Study Area ............................................................................................1-3 1.2.4 Scope of Work.......................................................................................1-3 1.2.5 Study Components and Sequence........................................................1-3 1.2.6 Reports .................................................................................................1-4 Chapter 2 Review of Master Plan and Establishment of Master Plan Framework.......................................................................2-1 2.1 Review of Master Plan......................................................................................2-1 2.1.1 Water Master Plan 1977-1991...............................................................2-1 2.1.2 Mtwara-Lindi Rural Water Supply Project of 1977-1984 ........................2-1 2.1.3 Comparison between 1975 and 1984....................................................2-1 2.1.4 Water Master Plan in 1986....................................................................2-2 2.1.5 Update of Planning Criteria ...................................................................2-3 2.2 Establishment of Master Plan Framework ........................................................2-6 2.2.1 Objectives .............................................................................................2-6 2.2.2 Water Resources ..................................................................................2-6 2.2.3 Water Demand......................................................................................2-6 2.2.4 Institutional aspects...............................................................................2-7 - 1 - Chapter 3 Water Supply Sector................................................................3-1 3.1 Summary of Tanzanian Government’s Policy on Rural Water ..........................3-1 3.1.1 Water Supply.........................................................................................3-1 3.2 Investment Policy .............................................................................................3-4 3.3 Operation and Maintenance Policy...................................................................3-5 3.3.1 Operation and Maintenance in Urban Water Supply..............................3-5 3.3.2 Operation and Maintenance in Rural Water Supply...............................3-5 3.4 Water Supply Organizations.............................................................................3-6 3.4.1 Ministry of Water (MoW)........................................................................3-6 3.4.2 Regional Water Engineer’s Office (RWE)..............................................3-7 3.4.3 District Water Engineer’s Office (DWE) .................................................3-8 3.4.4 Village Water Committee (VWC) ...........................................................3-9 3.4.5 Private Sector......................................................................................3-10 3.5 Financial Status of Regional Administrations and Local Government .............3-15 3.5.1 Regional Administrations.....................................................................3-15 3.5.2 Local Government...............................................................................3-15 3.5.3 District Finances..................................................................................3-16 3.6 General Water Supply Conditions in the Study Area.......................................3-18 3.6.1 Rural Water Supply .............................................................................3-18 3.6.2 Diagnosis of Urban Water Supply........................................................3-27 3.7 Survey for Water Supply Facility Designing for Selected 100 Villages ............3-35 3.7.1 Field Surveys for Facility Design .........................................................3-35 3.7.2 Discussion with the Villagers on Facility Type .....................................3-45 3.7.3 Criteria for Facility Design ...................................................................3-45 Chapter 4 Socio-Economy in the Study Area .........................................4-1 4.1 General Feature of the Socio-Economy of the Area..........................................4-1 4.1.1 Methodology Used in Sample Village Survey ........................................4-1 4.1.2 Settlement Characteristics.....................................................................4-2 4.1.3 Institutional Developments ....................................................................4-3 4.1.4 Social Services......................................................................................4-4 4.1.5 Infrastructure.........................................................................................4-5 4.1.6 Enterprises in the Village.......................................................................4-6 4.1.7 Household Income ................................................................................4-8 4.2 Detailed Socio-Economic Survey in 100 Villages............................................4-10 4.2.1 Surveys on Household Economy.........................................................4-10 4.2.2 Socio-economic Profiles of Selected 100 Villages...............................4-11 - 2 - Chapter 5 Geology and Hydrogeology....................................................5-1 5.1 Geologic conditions of the Study Area..............................................................5-1 5.1.1 Pre-Cambrian basement rocks..............................................................5-1 5.1.2 Karoo Formations..................................................................................5-1 5.1.3 Mesozoic and Tertiary Sedimentary Formations....................................5-2 5.1.4 Recent Deposit......................................................................................5-2 5.2 Detailed Geological Survey ..............................................................................5-5 5.2.1 Aerial Photograph Interpretation and Field Geological Reconnaissance5-5 5.2.2 Geophysical Survey ..............................................................................5-7 5.2.3 Test Drilling and Pumping Tests............................................................5-8 5.2.4 Problem Villages for Groundwater Development .................................5-10 5.3 Groundwater Development Potential by Area.................................................5-22 Chapter 6 Water Qualities.........................................................................6-1 6.1 Sampling Points And Items of Analysis.............................................................6-1 6.2 Results of Water Quality Analysis.....................................................................6-4 6.2.1 General Results ....................................................................................6-4 6.2.2 Water Qualities by Different Water Sources ..........................................6-4 6.2.3 Zoning of Water Quality.........................................................................6-6 6.3 Water Quality Comprehensive Evaluation ......................................................6-19 6.3.1 Concept...............................................................................................6-19 6.3.2 Evaluation Criteria...............................................................................6-19 6.3.3 Factors................................................................................................6-20 6.3.4 Comprehensive Evaluation..................................................................6-21 Chapter 7 Pilot Study................................................................................7-1 7.1 Review of the Pilot Study in the Former JICA Study in the Central Plateau Area.....................................................................................................7-1 7.1.1 Pilot Scheme Sites in the Central Plateau Area.....................................7-1 7.1.2 Constructed Facility, its Condition and Suitability ..................................7-2 7.1.3 Operation Conditions of the Supply Facility and the Water Committee..7-3 7.2 Villages Chosen for Pilot Study Sites................................................................7-4 7.3 Supply Facilities Constructed for Pilot Study.....................................................7-5 7.3.1 Type of Facilities Constructed ...............................................................7-5 7.3.2 Community Participations during Construction Stage............................7-5 7.3.3 Performances of Local Contractors in Construction Works....................7-6 7.4 Educational Activities........................................................................................7-8