HIGH PERFORMANCE RETROFIT OPPORTUNITIES OF TORONTO’S 1970S RESIDENTIAL DETACHED AND SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES By Sharmeen Niger Bachelor of Architecture, Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology, 2006 Master of Planning and Design, University of Melbourne, 2010 A Major Research Project presented to Ryerson University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Building Science in the Program of Building Science Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2016 © Sharmeen Niger 2016 Author‟s Declaration Page I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this MRP. This is a true copy of the MRP, including any required final revisions. I authorize Ryerson University to lend this MRP to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research I further authorize Ryerson University to reproduce this MRP by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I understand that my MRP may be made electronically available to the public. ii HIGH PERFORMANCE RETROFIT OPPORTUNITIES OF TORONTO’S 1970S RESIDENTIAL DETACHED AND SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES By Sharmeen Niger Master of Building Science, 2016 Ryerson University Abstract Based on previous studies of Toronto‟s residential archetypes, this research focuses on retrofit opportunities of 1970s OBC (Ontario Building Code) detached and semi-detached houses in order to understand its viability at the micro level. A GIS mapping has been utilized to identify the concentrations of 1970s OBC archetype in old Toronto area. A comprehensive field survey has been performed to collect data for creating a baseline model which also establish a consistent characteristic of 1970s OBC archetype. The EnergyPlus baseline model is then validated by calibration method to finalize the baseline model for an in depth retrofit analysis. The energy simulation has been performed to identify the most attractive combination of retrofit opportunities for highest cost/benefit. The research illustrates that meeting the target of 75 kWh/m2 for 1970s OBC detached and semi-detached houses is not always possible with attractive cost-effective options because of their differences in geometric shape and envelope system. iii Acknowledgment First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge the inspirational instruction and guidance of my research supervisor Dr. Miljana Horvat. As a professor her enormous support, precise suggestions and direction helped me to complete the master‟s degree. I also like to express my gratitude to Russell Richman as my second reader whose works and research papers helped me to guide my research methodology I also like to thank Denver Jermyn for his support and inspiration to work with the topic which is a continuation of his thesis work and laid the foundation for this research. l would like to thank Charles Riddell, Matt Carlsson and all other classmates for their meaningful comments and advices during the research work. I am grateful to all research participants who helped to conduct the research survey successfully. Last but not least; I want to thank my family, whose continuous support helped me to accomplish this educational achievement. iv Table of Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 2 Background study ............................................................................................................... 2 3 Research Question ............................................................................................................. 4 4 Purpose & Objective ........................................................................................................... 5 5 Literature Review ................................................................................................................ 6 5.1 High density single family homes in Urban Toronto Neighbourhood ............................ 7 5.2 Archetype house and parameters ................................................................................ 8 5.3 Toronto‟s 1970s OBC Archetype houses ....................................................................10 5.4 Energy Use in 70s OBC Archetype Houses ................................................................11 5.5 High Performance Buildings; Energy-Saving Retrofit Technologies to Reduce Energy Demand .................................................................................................................................11 5.6 Moisture Stability ........................................................................................................13 5.7 Energy Modeling for High Performance Retrofit ..........................................................14 6 Methodology ......................................................................................................................16 7 Phase 1- Selection of Neighbourhoods: .............................................................................17 7.1 GIS Mapping for 1970s OBC Archetype House & Neighbourhood Selection...............19 7.2 Field Survey of 1970s OBC Archetype Houses ...........................................................24 8 Phase 2- Data collection for Baseline Energy Modelling: ...................................................28 8.1 Baseline Model Preparation ........................................................................................31 8.1.1 Infiltration Model ..................................................................................................32 8.1.2 Internal Gains ......................................................................................................33 8.1.3 Interzone Openings & Envelope Framing Factors ................................................35 8.1.4 Building Specific Parameters ...............................................................................36 v 8.1.5 1970s OBC Single Detached House Baseline Model and Validation ....................39 8.1.6 1970s OBC Semi- Detached House Baseline Model and Validation ....................42 8.2 Calibration of the Baseline Energy models ..................................................................44 9 Phase 3- Retrofitting Strategies: ........................................................................................53 9.1 Energy performance & Retrofitted Energy Model Result .............................................56 9.2 Feasibility of high performance retrofitting: ..................................................................58 10 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................65 10.1 1970s OBC Archetype ................................................................................................66 10.2 Baseline Model and Energy performance of 1970s Archetype ....................................67 10.3 Energy Efficient Retrofit Impact & Target Energy Intensity 75 kWh/m2: .......................67 11 Contributions and Further Research ...............................................................................69 Appendix A: Number of Total Single Detached & Semi-Detached Houses in Urban Toronto Neighbourhoods and Number of 70s OBC Archetypes within these neighbourhoods ...............72 Appendix B: Ryerson University Ethics Approval ......................................................................74 Appendix C: Survey Questionnaire for Research Participants ...................................................75 Appendix D: Survey Data for 70s OBC Archetype Houses ........................................................79 Appendix E: Energy Bill Data for 70s Single Detached & Semi-Detached Houses ....................83 Appendix F: OBC 2012, SB-12 .................................................................................................84 Appendix G: Retrofit options for 70s OBC Single detached and Semi-detached Houses ..........85 Appendix H: Condensation and Decay Hours for retrofit assemblies .........................................91 Appendix I: Capital Cost Analysis..............................................................................................92 12 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................93 vi List of Tables Table 1: Characteristics to Identify Archetypes (Adapted from Blaszak and Richman, 2013) ..... 9 Table 2: Summary Description of the Four Housing Archetypes ...............................................10 Table 3: Selected Neighbourhoods for Single Detached Houses Survey & Energy Intensity Profile .......................................................................................................................................24 Table 4: Selected Neighbourhoods for Semi-Detached Houses Survey & Energy Intensity Profile .......................................................................................................................................24 Table 5: The Most Common Features of Detached and Semi-Detached 1970s OBC Houses ...27 Table 6: Number of Houses Surveyed in Selected Neighbourhoods .........................................28 Table 7: Parameters Selected for Data Collection and Energy Modeling...................................29 Table 8: Building Specific Parameters for Baseline Model ........................................................37 Table 9: Summary of Baseline Model Result .............................................................................43