PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN THE MIDDLE EAST HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON NATIONAL SECURITY, EMERGING THREATS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT REFORM HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED EIGHTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION FEBRUARY 10, 2004 Serial No. 108–153 Printed for the use of the Committee on Government Reform ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.gpo.gov/congress/house http://www.house.gov/reform U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 94–158 PDF WASHINGTON : 2004 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 10:55 Jun 24, 2004 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 D:\DOCS\94158.TXT HGOVREF1 PsN: HGOVREF1 COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT REFORM TOM DAVIS, Virginia, Chairman DAN BURTON, Indiana HENRY A. WAXMAN, California CHRISTOPHER SHAYS, Connecticut TOM LANTOS, California ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida MAJOR R. OWENS, New York JOHN M. MCHUGH, New York EDOLPHUS TOWNS, New York JOHN L. MICA, Florida PAUL E. KANJORSKI, Pennsylvania MARK E. SOUDER, Indiana CAROLYN B. MALONEY, New York STEVEN C. LATOURETTE, Ohio ELIJAH E. CUMMINGS, Maryland DOUG OSE, California DENNIS J. KUCINICH, Ohio RON LEWIS, Kentucky DANNY K. DAVIS, Illinois JO ANN DAVIS, Virginia JOHN F. TIERNEY, Massachusetts TODD RUSSELL PLATTS, Pennsylvania WM. LACY CLAY, Missouri CHRIS CANNON, Utah DIANE E. WATSON, California ADAM H. PUTNAM, Florida STEPHEN F. LYNCH, Massachusetts EDWARD L. SCHROCK, Virginia CHRIS VAN HOLLEN, Maryland JOHN J. DUNCAN, JR., Tennessee LINDA T. SANCHEZ, California NATHAN DEAL, Georgia C.A. ‘‘DUTCH’’ RUPPERSBERGER, Maryland CANDICE S. MILLER, Michigan ELEANOR HOLMES NORTON, District of TIM MURPHY, Pennsylvania Columbia MICHAEL R. TURNER, Ohio JIM COOPER, Tennessee JOHN R. CARTER, Texas ——— ——— MARSHA BLACKBURN, Tennessee ——— ——— ——— BERNARD SANDERS, Vermont ——— ——— (Independent) MELISSA WOJCIAK, Staff Director DAVID MARIN, Deputy Staff Director/Communications Director ROB BORDEN, Parliamentarian TERESA AUSTIN, Chief Clerk PHIL BARNETT, Minority Chief of Staff/Chief Counsel SUBCOMMITTEE ON NATIONAL SECURITY, EMERGING THREATS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CHRISTOPHER SHAYS, Connecticut, Chairman MICHAEL R. TURNER, Ohio DAN BURTON, Indiana DENNIS J. KUCINICH, Ohio STEVEN C. LATOURETTE, Ohio TOM LANTOS, California RON LEWIS, Kentucky BERNARD SANDERS, Vermont TODD RUSSELL PLATTS, Pennsylvania STEPHEN F. LYNCH, Massachusetts ADAM H. PUTNAM, Florida CAROLYN B. MALONEY, New York EDWARD L. SCHROCK, Virginia LINDA T. SANCHEZ, California JOHN J. DUNCAN, JR., Tennessee C.A. ‘‘DUTCH’’ RUPPERSBERGER, Maryland TIM MURPHY, Pennsylvania JOHN F. TIERNEY, Massachusetts ——— ——— ——— ——— EX OFFICIO TOM DAVIS, Virginia HENRY A. WAXMAN, California LAWRENCE J. HALLORAN, Staff Director and Counsel THOMAS COSTA, Professional Staff Member ROBERT A. BRIGGS, Clerk ANDREW SU, Minority Professional Staff Member (II) VerDate 11-MAY-2000 10:55 Jun 24, 2004 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 D:\DOCS\94158.TXT HGOVREF1 PsN: HGOVREF1 C O N T E N T S Page Hearing held on February 10, 2004 ....................................................................... 1 Statement of: Ford, Jess T., Director, International Affairs and Trade, General Account- ing Office; Stephen Johnson, senior policy analyst, the Heritage Foun- dation; David E. Morey, president and CEO, DMG, Inc., and member, Council on Foreign Relations Public Diplomacy Task Force; and Ste- phen P. Cohen, president, Institute for Middle East Peace and Develop- ment, and member, Advisory Group on Public Diplomacy for the Arab and Muslim World ........................................................................................ 56 Tomlinson, Kenneth Y., chairman, Broadcasting Board of Governors, ac- companied by Norman J. Pattiz, founder and chairman, Westwood One, member, Broadcasting Board of Governors; and Harold Pachios, chairman, Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy .............................. 29 Tutwiler, Margaret, Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, Department of State ............................................................ 6 Letters, statements, etc., submitted for the record by: Cohen, Stephen P., president, Institute for Middle East Peace and Devel- opment, and member, Advisory Group on Public Diplomacy for the Arab and Muslim World, prepared statement of ....................................... 99 Ford, Jess T., Director, International Affairs and Trade, General Account- ing Office, prepared statement of ................................................................ 59 Johnson, Stephen, senior policy analyst, the Heritage Foundation, pre- pared statement of ........................................................................................ 76 Morey, David E., president and CEO, DMG, Inc., and member, Council on Foreign Relations Public Diplomacy Task Force, prepared statement of ..................................................................................................................... 87 Pachios, Harold, chairman, Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, prepared statement of ................................................................................... 42 Shays, Hon. Christopher, a Representative in Congress from the State of Connecticut, prepared statement of ........................................................ 3 Tomlinson, Kenneth Y., chairman, Broadcasting Board of Governors, pre- pared statement of ........................................................................................ 33 Tutwiler, Margaret, Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, Department of State: Letter dated February 11, 2004 ............................................................... 22 Prepared statement of ............................................................................... 9 (III) VerDate 11-MAY-2000 10:55 Jun 24, 2004 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 D:\DOCS\94158.TXT HGOVREF1 PsN: HGOVREF1 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 10:55 Jun 24, 2004 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 D:\DOCS\94158.TXT HGOVREF1 PsN: HGOVREF1 PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN THE MIDDLE EAST TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2004 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON NATIONAL SECURITY, EMERGING THREATS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT REFORM, Washington, DC. The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:05 p.m., in room 2154, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Christopher Shays (chairman of the subcommittee) Presiding. Present: Representatives Shays, Ruppersberger and Tierney. Staff present: Lawrence Halloran, staff director and counsel; Thomas Costa, professional staff member; Robert A. Briggs, clerk; Richard Lundberg, fellow; Andrew Su, minority professional staff member; and Jean Gosa, minority assistant clerk. Mr. SHAYS. A quorum being present, the Subcommittee on Na- tional Security, Emerging Threats and International Relations hearing entitled, ‘‘Public Diplomacy in the Middle East,’’ is called to order. The end of the cold war was seen by many as the ultimate vic- tory in the global ideological struggle. Using words as weapons to kindle the spark of liberty and oppressed peoples, the forces of free- dom helped defeat communism in the decisive battle without firing a shot. Public diplomacy, the cultural exchanges, education pro- grams and broadcasts used to promote U.S. interests to foreign au- diences, pierced the Iron Curtain more effectively and efficiently in some ways than missiles. But then the tools that helped bring down the Berlin Wall and splintered the Soviet Union were allowed to rust in the mistaken belief that the battle of ideas was over. Subsumed within the State Department’s ‘‘stifling culture and starved for resources,’’ public di- plomacy was left to wither without strategic focus or organizational direction. So when the United States needed a strong voice to counter the toxic antipathy emanating from radical factions and terrorists in the Middle East, the world often heard only a hoarse, fragmented whisper. Studies and analyses done inside and outside the Federal Gov- ernment concluded our public diplomacy capacity lagged far behind the critical requirement to counter terrorism on the rhetorical and ideological battlefields of that volatile region. According to the State Department’s Advisory Group on Public Diplomacy for the Arab and Muslim World, ‘‘The United States today lacks the capa- bilities in public diplomacy to meet the national security threat emanating from political instability, economic depravation and ex- (1) VerDate 11-MAY-2000 10:55 Jun 24, 2004 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 D:\DOCS\94158.TXT HGOVREF1 PsN: HGOVREF1 2 tremism.’’ Others we will hear from today have been equally criti- cal of U.S. public diplomacy as lacking strategic cohesion and sus- tained leadership. Nowhere is our stunted reach into the hearts and minds of Arabs and Muslims more obvious and perilous than Iraq. All public diplo- macy in this region today should be keenly focused on persuading Iraqis and their neighbors that we are there as liberators, not as occupiers, and that’s the truth. They need to know it. But halting efforts by the Coalition Provisional Authority [CPA], and a lack of coordination between the other Federal organs of public statecraft have left control of the airwaves and the debate to al-Jazeera and al-Arabiya and the purveyors of the rampant