Nina Gram Garmann The Quantity Shift A Cognitive Usage-Based Analysis of the Quantity Shift in East Norwegian with Data from Old Norse and North Gudbrandsdal Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies University of Oslo 2008 © Nina Gram Garmann, 2008 Series of dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Humanities,University of Oslo No. 372 ISSN 0806-3222 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. Cover: Inger Sandved Anfinsen. Printed in Norway: AiT e-dit AS, Oslo, 2008. Produced in co-operation with Unipub AS. The thesis is produced by Unipub AS merely in connection with the thesis defence. Kindly direct all inquiries regarding the thesis to the copyright holder or the unit which grants the doctorate. Unipub AS is owned by The University Foundation for Student Life (SiO) Acknowledgements There are many people who have helped me in the process of writing this thesis, and I want to mention and thank some of them here: My supervisor Jan Terje Faarlund included me in the project Frå gammalnorsk til nynorsk. Indre språkhistorie etter norrøn tid (From Old Norwegian to New Norwegian. Language-internal changes since the Middle Ages), which made it possible for me to get a PhD grant from the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Oslo. He has followed my work from scratch, providing helpful advice and critical comments. I also want to thank him for his support and kindness. I was first introduced to Joan Bybee’s phonological theory at the Seminar in Cognitive Grammar at the University of Oslo. Jan Terje put me in touch with Joan Bybee, who warmly welcomed me and my familly to Albuquerque and the University of New Mexico during the fall term of 2003. I went there to study theory and was met with a question which provided the best research guideline: Where’s your data? It was a great opportunity for me to take her courses on Phonology and Language Change, and she also gave me advice on my project at an early stage. Hanne Gram Simonsen, my aunt and mentor, has among other things helped me under- stand how to work within a Bybeean framework, read several versions of the manuscript with care, and been enthusiastically supportive throughout the process. Gjert Kristoffersen has provided critical comments on several versions of the manuscript from a generative viewpoint as well as providing helpful guidance to the generative and traditional literature on syllables, syllable quantity and tone accents. I owe him thanks for providing the original illustrations of tone accents and low-tone plateau from Kristoffersen (2000) & (2007) in section 5.7. I wish to thank Inger Moen for several useful phonetic-phonological discussions as well as an encouraging last review of the thesis with experienced articulatory eyes. Christian-Emil Ore at The Unit for Digital Documentation has provided the digitised versions of the charters and given valuable supervision on the data program Conc. 1.76. Kate Eggen and Terje Larsen have kindly contributed to discussions about the inflection of strong verbs in the dialect of North Gudbrandsdal. Jean Hannah has edited the thesis with effeciency and patience. I myself take the full responsibility for any errors as well as any possible omissions. 3 I want to thank Åse, Laila and Hans-Olav for all the lunches we shared as the younger cohort of Frå Gammalnorsk til Nynorsk, and I also want to thank fellow participants at the Cognitive Seminar for invaluable support. Thanks also to Peder (5), Katrine (2) and Fredrik (39) who have constantly reminded me that there is more to life than Quantity Shifts, and to my parents for all their support. Brussels/Blindern, April 2008, Nina Gram Garmann 4 Contents ABBREVIATIONS 9 I INTRODUCTION & THEORETICAL PREREQUISITES 11 1 INTRODUCTION 13 1.1 The Quantity Shift in a Usage-based Perspective 13 1.2 Syllable Quantity Types in ON and MN 19 1.3 Time Period 22 1.4 Theory 23 1.5 The Organization of the Thesis 26 2 PREVIOUS RESEARCH 28 2.1 Introduction 28 2.2 Torp & Vikør (2003) 29 2.2.1 Presentation 29 2.2.2 Discussion 31 2.3 Árnason (1980) 32 2.3.1 Presentation 32 2.3.2 Discussion 34 2.4 Riad (1992) and Kristoffersen (1994) 35 2.4.1 Introduction 35 2.4.2 Riad (1992) 36 2.4.3 What Motivated the Quantity Shift? 41 2.4.4 Kristoffersen’s (1994) Adjustment 43 2.4.5 Discussion 45 2.5 Conclusion 47 3 EXEMPLAR NETWORK MODEL 48 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Words as Exemplars 49 3.3 Networks and Categories 52 3.4 Schemas 55 4 PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Frequency Effects 60 4.2.1 Introduction 60 4.2.2 Token Frequency 61 4.2.3 Type Frequency 61 4.3 Analogical Changes 63 5 4.4 Articulatorily Motivated Changes 69 4.4.1 Articulatory Phonology 69 4.4.2 Gestures 70 4.4.3 Phonological Changes in Articulatory Phonology 75 4.4.4 Reduction of Gestures in Time and Magnitude 77 4.4.5 Retiming of Gestures: Lengthening, Shortening and Altered Organization 78 4.4.6 Increased Overlap of Gestures: Gestural Blending, Gestural Hiding, Reassignment of a Gestural Attribute and Gestural Misparsing 81 4.4.7 Discussion and Summary 88 4.4.8 Frequency Effects in Articulatorily Motivated Changes 91 4.5 Acoustic Changes 92 4.6 Morphologization of Phonological Changes 94 4.7 Conclusion 95 5 THE SYLLABLE 97 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Syllables as Emergent Units 101 5.3 Syllables as Associations between Gestures 103 5.4 Syllable Boundaries 108 5.5 Vowel and Consonant Quantity 114 5.6 Syllable Quantity 116 5.7 Rhythm, Pitch and Prominence 127 5.8 Modelling the Quantity Shift 134 II ANALYSES 139 6 INTRODUCTION 141 7 THE QUANTITY SHIFT AS AN ANALOGICAL CHANGE 143 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Texts 143 7.2.1 Introduction 143 7.2.2 Charters 144 7.2.3 Charters as Basis for Frequency Counts 145 7.3 Excerption 146 7.4 Syllabification and Categorization 148 7.5 Results 148 7.6 Conclusion 149 8 THE QUANTITY SHIFT AS A LEXICALLY GRADUAL CHANGE 150 8.1. Introduction 150 8.2 A-lengthenings 151 8.2.1 Introduction 151 8.2.2 Seip (1955) and Indrebø (1951) 152 8.2.3 Riad (1992) 156 8.2.4 Conclusion 158 6 8.3 Description of the NG Data 159 8.3.1 Introduction 159 8.3.2 Organization of the NG Data 160 8.3.3 Transcription and Categorization of Data 163 8.3.3.1 Introduction 163 8.3.3.2 Norvegia and IPA 163 8.3.3.3 Retracing the Words in Storm (1920) 164 8.3.3.4 Consonant and Vowel Length, Accents 165 8.3.3.5 ON Equivalents 166 8.3.3.6 Compounds 167 8.3.4 Summary 168 8.4 Vowel Lengthening in Short Monosyllables 169 8.4.1 Introduction 169 8.4.2 Data 169 8.4.3 Lengthening of [A] and [e] 171 8.5 Resistance to Vowel Lengthening in ON Short Monosyllables 174 8.5.1 Introduction 174 8.5.2 Resistance to Vowel Lengthening in Short Monosyllables with [A] 175 8.5.2.1 Introduction 175 8.5.2.2 North Gudbrandsdal 176 8.5.2.3 Old Norse 179 8.5.3 Resistance to Vowel Lengthening in Words with [e] 180 8.5.4 Summary 183 8.6 Productivity of Short Accented Syllables 183 8.7 Short Monosyllables Lengthen Earlier than Level Stress Words 187 8.7.1 Introduction 187 8.7.2 Analysis 188 8.7.3 Why do Short Monosyllables Lengthen Earlier than Level Stress Words? 190 8.7.4 Summary 191 8.8 Vowel Lengthening in ON Long Accented Syllables 192 8.8.1 Introduction 192 8.8.2 Vowel Lengthenings 193 8.8.3 Consonant Changes 196 8.8.3.1 Introduction 196 8.8.3.2 Chronology of Apicalizations 196 8.8.3.3 Deletion 198 8.8.3.4 Gestural Blending 199 8.8.3.5 Gestural Misparsing 200 8.8.3.6 Retiming of Gestures 201 8.8.3.7 Resyllabification – Retiming of Gestures? 202 8.8.3.8 Uncategorized Cases 203 8.8.4 Phonological Patterns 204 8.8.5 Discussion and Conclusion 205 7 8.9 Changes in Overlong Syllables 206 8.9.1 Introduction 206 8.9.2 Analysis 207 8.9.3 Summary 211 8.10 Summary of the Analysis of the NG Data 211 9 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 214 III SUMMARY IN NORWEGIAN, LITERATURE, INDEX 219 10 SUMMARY IN NORWEGIAN, SAMMENDRAG PÅ NORSK 221 10.1 Innledning 221 10.2 Teori og metode 222 10.3 Kvantitetsomleggingen 224 10.4 Andre endringer som kan relateres til kvantitetsomleggingen 225 10.5 Diskusjon 228 11 LITERATURE 231 SUBJECT INDEX 240 AUTHOR INDEX 245 APPENDIX I A1 Charters iii A2 Strong verbs in NG iv A3 Strong verbs in ON vii A4 Telja-verbs in ON x A5 Telja-verbs in NG xi A6 Keys to Norvegia-IPA & IPA-Norvegia xii A7 NG Data: Storm 1920 xiii A8 NG Data: Grøsland 1976 xxi A9 NG equivalents ON short monosyllables organized according to the accented vowel xxv 8 Abbreviations a. – adjective n.y. – no year acc. – accusative NC – no change adv. – adverb NG – North Gudbrandsdal C – consonant NN – Nynorsk CC – consonant cluster nom. – nominative clo. – closure ON – Old Norse CP – compound pc – personal communication dat. – dative pl. – pluralis def.