A ab Exclamatory initial particle Ab! Ua cas kuv tsis nloog? Why didn't I listen? 1. as Exclamatory initial particle As! Kuv pom Zab! Aha! I see Mr. Zab. 2. as Exclamatory final particle Kuv tsis paub as! I don't know! av Earth, ground, mud. av zom zom Sticky Mud. lo lo av Muddy, dirty roj av Kerosene hmoov av Dust, powdery soil av noo noo Damp, moist ground. av xuav Loose ground. pob av luaj Anthill pob av muas yix tib Anthill nyob saum plua tshauv av On the ashes and the ground. 1. aib A species of bird (tus). 2. aib aib yab! An exclaimation of disgust or impatience. aim A word used in cursing (lus dev) ais Initial exclamatory particle. Ais, koj yuav hais li cas? Well then, what do you say? (often used in running conversation in much the same way as "Well… Then…") aiv To oppress, yoke, seal with a curse (cf. 'khaum'). Dab tuaj aiv yus. The spirits come to trouble one. aub Dog (tus) (as used in some places; cf. 'dev' which is more common). aub Final exclamatory particle. Yuav tau luag dua 'aub! You will have more company! auj Exclamatory initial particle. Auj, tsis zoo lauj Oh, it is ruined! Auj, tsis pom lauj Oh, it has disappeared! auj Final emphatic particle. Koj yuav quaj 'auj! You will weep! Txhob ua li ko 'auj Stop it! 1. auv Faj suab auv auv It's foggy, misty. 2. auv txiv mam auv (lub) The pumelo (T). auv Final emphatic particle. Nws tuaj noj 'auv! He will come to eat! Cav mus thiab 'auv! He went after all! 1. aws Particle used in conversation as an acknowledgement of having heard what was said. (As we would say …Yes…Yes…, etc.) Agreement. 2. Aws Mob aws Newcastle disease in poultry. 3. aws To mark out, identify as one's own. "Qab teb peb xub ncaws, nkauj nyab peb xub aws." (cf. 'ncaws'). E eb Initial exclamatory particle. Kuv hais tias, "Eb! Muaj tus kevcai I said, "Eh! What's going on?" dabtsi?" 1. es Particle used to indicate pause in a flow of speech. 2. es Mes es (tus) Goat (but not used as commonly as 'mias ias' cf. 'tshis'). ev To carry on the back (as a child, a basket, etc.) (cf. 'ris'). eeb A saddle Eeb nees Horse saddle. I i The former, the one just seen or dealt with, previously. tus i That one before (just seen). zaum i The former occasion. thaum i Previously, the former time. 1. ib Numeral one. ib tug One person. ib ntsis A moment. ib chim A little while. ib tsam Several hours. ib txhij All together. ib txhia Some, a portion. ib sim Continuously. ib sim neej A lifetime. ib txhis tsis kawg Forever. (a) ib sim tom los Forever, continually. (b) ib los ib txhis Forever, continually. ib sij ua To do together. 2. ib A cock’s comb (lub). ib qaib Cock’s comb. ib qaib ntsau A cock’s comb that is spread out a bit. 3. ib To make excuse, seek to escape obligation. Lawv ib. They deliberately refuse to accept the charge or face the issue. 4. ib To lean against, to lean (cf. ‘pheeb’). 5. ib Idiom for “as soon as.” Ib noj mov txawm mob plab. As soon as I had eaten I had a tummy ache. ia liaj ia Lands, teritory. liaj ia tebchaws Fields and lands. 1. iab Bitter. 2. iab iab oo To haze (cf. ‘faj suab’). 3. iab p.v. int. joined with ‘ntsa.’ (a) ci ntsa iab Bright and glittering. (b) ci qos iab Bright and glittering. hauv ntuj ntsa iab The horizon just becoming bright, early dawn. 1. iam A kind of small parrot (tus). 2. iam (a) menyuam mos liab A new baby, very young child. (b) menyuam iam liab A new baby, very young child. ias mias ias (tus) A goat (This term is used in imitation of the goat’s cry. It is sometimes said ‘mes es.’ cf. tshis for the actual name). 1. iav piam iav A kind of grass or short vegitation. hav iav A grassy valley. 2. iav tsom iav (daim) A mirror. U u u siab Not happy in heart, dissatisfied (cf.‘dhuav siab’). ntxhai u koj siab mentsis I’m afraid you won’t be very happy about it. 1. ub Extreme limit. thaum ub Long ago, way back when. pem ub Way up there (up the hill, up north). (a) tim ub Way over there across the valley. (b) puag tim ub Way over there across the valley. 2. ub no (unrestricted p.v. int. cf. APPENDIX p. 468). (a) ua ub ua no To do this and that. (b) ua li ub ua li no To do this and that. hais li ub hais li no To say this and that. us The camel (tus) (T). tus tsiaj us The camel. uv To bear with, be patient under provocation. uv taus To be able to bear with it. ua tiag uv To make a real effort to bear it. 1. ua To make, to do (in certain contexts ‘to be’). ua teb To make fields, to do field work. ua zoo zoo To do well. Nws ua txiv he is the father. ua dab To do the spirit rites. ua neeb To do spirit rites. (a) ua ub ua no To do this and that. (b) us li ub ua li no To do this and that. Ua li lawm That’s the way it is. (or) Is that so? Ua li koj hais Just as you say. ua si To play. (Used with certain p.v. int. cf. APPENDIX 8). ua ntias To cast aside. ua nkauj To come to young womanhood. ua hlo To do right away. ua quj qees To do perserveringly. ua luaj (p.v. int.) greatly, very. mob ua luaj Hurts terribly. ua zom zaws To do all together, many engaged in it. 2. ua (a) Ua li cas Why? How? (cf. ‘cas’). (b) Ua cas Why? How? (cf. ‘cas’). 3. ua ua li no In this way, in that case. uab The crow (tus) uab lag A kind of black wild bird. uaj Exclamatory particle indicating pain. 1. uas Which, that which. tus uas The one which thaum uas The time which, when. 2. uas Sometimes used as a particle to express pause in a flow of speech. no uas ...er, that is,... 3. uas Completive particle used to express indignation. koj tsis teb dabtsi uas! So you won’t answer!! uav mob uav mob ruas Leprosy (cf. ‘ruas’). C ca (t.c.) (cf. ‘cav’). 1. cab To lead, take along (forcibly, or with a rope as an animal). cab nees To lead a horse. cab tibneeg los tsev Bring him home (against his inclination). 2. cab Intestinal or abdominal worms (tus). mob plab cab To have intestinal worms. 1. cag Roots. cag ntoo Tree roots. nkoj cag Uprooted tree. 2. cag ob cag Others. kwvtij ob cag peb txhais All others, brethren and outsiders. caj Pertaining to certain parts of the body. caj pas Throat. caj dab Neck. caj tw . Buttocks (cf. ntsag) (animal or human) caj npab The arm (upper). (a) caj ntswm The bridge of the nose. (b) txiv caj ntswm The bridge of the nose. caj qaum The backbone. caj qwb The depression at the back of the neck. ua tuv txias tom caj qwb Like a louse biting the back of my neck (talking behind my back). hais nraum caj qwb Talking behind one’s back. 1. cam To argue, disagree (contr. cav). sib cam To argue together. cam thawj To disobey, not listen to authority. txhob cam txhob chaj Don’t be stubborn and bullheaded. 2. cam Log cam A chopping block (lub). 1. cas Why? How? (in combination with other words). (a) Ua li cas? Why? How? (b) Ua cas Why? How? ua li cas ua? How is it done or made? Ua li cas yuav mus? Why go? Yuav ua li cas mus? How shall we go? Ua li cas nws tsis los? Why hasn’t he come? Mob ua li cas tuaj? How did the illness start? Ua li cas kuj yog Whichever way is all right with me. 2. cas A kind of venereal disease. (a) mob yeeg To have venereal disease with pussy discharge. (b) mob cas To have venereal disease with pussy discharge. 1. cav To argue hotly (contr. ‘cam’). sib cav To argue hotly together. 2. cav hemcav (lub) A boat or ship (self-propelled). 3. cav A fire log (cf. ‘ca’) (t.c.) cav taws A log of firewood. hauv qab ca Under the log. chaws qab ca Went under the log. cav cos The beam of the foot-mill for pounding rice. 4. cav High language for going to a king, etc. cav txog Huabtais Took it to the ruler, committed to the ruler. 5. cav Initial particle indicating surprise (cf. ‘ua ciav’). Cav tuag thiab ‘auv! (You mean) he died? Cav mus thiab ‘auv! He went?? cai Law, rule, custom. kevcai Rules, laws (txoj). tsis paub cai Doesn’t know the laws or customs. tsis muaj cai There is no law to back (him) up. tsa cai ‘the case stands’ (terms used in litigation). qhau cai ‘the case falls’ ua cuav cai To falsely accuse, raise a case on no grounds 1. caij To ride. caij nees To ride a horse. caij tsheb mus To go by vehicle.