Ttio History of Civilisation fuiiifti % C\ K. Oom,^ M*A. The History of Civilization Edited by C. K. OGDEN, M.A. Introduction and Pre-IIistory ♦Social Organization W. H. R. River*, F.R.S. The Earth before Histohy Edmond Perrier Prehistoric Man Jacques de Morgan Language • a Linguistic Introduction . Professor J Vendryis A Geographical Introduction to History Professor Luuen Fcbvre Race and History . Professor F,. Pittard From Tribe to Empire . Professor A. Moret ♦Life and Work in Prehistoric Times Professor G. Rcnard ♦Money and Monetary Policy in Early Times . Aitlmr R. Burns ♦The Migration of Symbois . Donuld A, Mackenzie ♦The Dawn of European Civilization Professor V. Gordon Childe ♦The Aryans ... ... Professor V. Gordon Childe The Early Empires and Greece The Nilf and Egyptian Civilization . ... Professor A. Mom Israel from its Beginnings to the Eighth Century . Professor A, Lads Jesus ....... • Cli Guigncbcrt Mesopotamia . Professor L Dcluporte The AIoean Civil IZATION . Professor Cr, Gloiz ♦Minoans, Philistines* and Greeks . A. R. Burn •Tub World of IIhmod . ... • A. K. Burn The Formation of the Greek People . Professor A. Jnrdi ♦Ancient Greece at WonK Professor G. Ginns Art in Greece . ... VV. Dconnu and A. de Riddcr Greek Thought and the Scientific Spirit . Protessor L. Robin The Greek City and its Institutions , Professor G Glotsc Macedonian Imperialism Professor P. Jciuguct Home and Beyond the Roman Empire \N.,1 • , ■ Professor LAm Homo jThh Roman Si hut in Rm-ic>ioN, Ihouokti anj> Aht , Professor A. C?rctiior RoMrTiiE0Lrw-GivHRT'IUTIONS ■ • • i/rmeasor Lion Homo Professor J, i>e< lareuii The Economic Life of the ancient World J. "I uuuttn The Roman World Professor Viemr Cliupnt ♦Ancient Rome at Work ■ • Paul Intuit Ancient Persia and Iranian Civilization Professor Clement Huart ♦A Thousand Years op the Tartars Professor H. 11, Parker ♦The Heroic Age of India Professor N. K. Sidhama ♦Caste and Race in India . Hr. Ci, f». Ghurye Tub Lira op Buddha ♦ I-. j. t liomas, D.I.itt. ♦Tub History op Buddhist luouonr . V- j. Tlmnm, D.Utt, Chinese Civilization . Professor M. Grunct Tub Risn of the Celts . I tie late IS. Hubert Tub Greatness and Dfciinh of the Cuts . 1 he law H, Hubert ♦Nomads of the Hurophan ,Sm»t>n - • • G, F*. Hudson Ancient India and Indian Civilization . Paul Msssun-Ouml; Helen* 'S illman-t (rabowsk*; Phihpoe -Stern Middle Ages to Modern Times The End op the Ancient World.jw..,.,. « Trawlers OP THE Mnmm Ac.fs . iKI.) Prof .a”V, Newton ♦Thu Court op Burgundy \ \ <1J ^f * *1 <** * ’'r *' ^ f ^ * * •*«^ *TLm AND Work in Mfdjisvai. , ' ' p n, ♦LOT and Work in Mounts HuRnpn t,. Uat*td *,h St :^>°n Lira in th« Lighten tit Century . M?">«ro»5 tSS ♦China and Luroi'h in the ONtutiY Uuuinmstu A. Kekhwrin Ihb Feudal Monarchy in France and f.nos.and Cb. PetU-DuUllH* Historical Ethnology ♦The Peoples op Asia *T«a Threshold op the Pacific * I-, H. Dudley Buxton . Dr. C, ft. F'ox ♦The South American Indians l*r««fcs*nr Httfacl K«r»tctt ♦The amsrican Indian Frontier Profcttor W. C, MEeicod ♦Death Customs , • • B, Bcndtmn Subject Histories ♦The History op Medicine ..... •The History dp Witchcraft . C. C*. Cumnum, M.D. ♦The Geography op Witchcraft ... • .Mum*«uc Summer* . Montague Summers *TH« Hjstoey op Music ... • , • .. Cr»;li Grey ♦History op Latin Christianity . Prof#**ur P. tic Luhrfidta tht *■> of the French eoUeetion A full Hu of tht Sum torn fat fmtml m tht mi #f (hit vehm*. THE WORLD OF HESIOD A STUDY OF THE GREEK MIDDLE AGES C. 900—7OO B.G, By ANDREW ROBERT BURN Assistant-Master at Uppingham School; Sometime Scholar of Christ Church. Author of Minoans, Philistines, and Greeks LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & C0„ LTD, BROADWAY HOUSE, CARTER LANE, E.C. 1936 7V» R. H. Dt'XhAS wm^mt m mwM »*v *T8t*M«M AVk'iIH ASU *uH%, lfP,t liSmtt’WP CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE Preface ........ ix Abbreviations. xv I. The Mycenaean Legacy .... 1 A u medieval ” period.— Consciousness of degeneracy in the Ilesiodie age.—The Myecrncan legacy in technique— and in ideas : the character of the Hero. Nature of a Heroic Age. Early civilizations and war.— Diagnosis of reasons for the Mmoan df'b&cle.—Mykenai— growtli of disorder— decay of geographical knowledge. Geometric pottery : its distribution.—Character of the style—psychological theory of its origin.—The epic, and Homer—liis importance and influence. The new society—its answer to Homer’s question.— Tellos of Athens. II, The World of Hesiod .... 31 Hesiod ; his history and anleeedenls—the Farmer’s Year —religion and superstition, in Homer and in Hesiod; Hero and Peasant—nail-parings—the Plamen IMali.s —contact with death—sexual taboos. The llehgiouB Calendar of early Athens : -Thosmophoria —the rural Dionysia Lenaiu • Antbestcriu— Diasia - the (Ionic) Thnrgelia and “ scape-goat ” ritual - the Bouphoiua. Arkadia -Zeus Lyknios and the werwolf—-Pan, Kury- nome, I lie Black Demeter. - Monsters in Hesiod’s Thcoppny. Why we have to work; the myth of Pandora.—Hesiod’s Days, -- Hesiod’s ethics. - Hesiod on sea-faring. III. The Psychology and Practice of Magic . 82 Theokritos’ Simaitim. -Other instances of similar practice.--Other Greek superstitions. —The supernatural in Greek mythology. , , Psychological theory of the origin of magic.'' Animism ’ and the unconscious mind - Hitual —anticipations of magic, in chimpanzees. IV, Law, the State, and the Family . , 108 The Aristocracies : their basis, military and economic. * Not always foreign conquerors.— Decline of the monarchy. Land-tenure and the family i inheritance - no testation --women and property—the family and religion,—■ Contrast of “Homeric” and early historic ideas again.-- The pater a genuine owner of his property, not only a trustee—his rights over his children, V VI CONTENTS CHAP. PA OK .Sexual regulations.- Chastity expected of women and girls Attitude towards mule homosexuality -prevalent, m Dorian, but regarded with disapproval in Ionian states. - Character of Greek ethics. Homicide anil the Feud.-- Irrational character of early ideas on homicide. - Karly mitigations of the law of vengeance : wergild ; u forgiveness.*’ ’Hie State intervenes ; the Trial-Scene in the /hud. Compurgation. — The State intervenes only between two families; hence no law against parricide.- Mutilation of corpses (maschaHwnns) - The idea of blood-pollution and its ahsenee from Homer. V. Play I Hi Success of the new Creek societies. Loral leagues the great, festivals athletics and imiste the %nm to thr Xklinn Apollo Pindar on Olympia. VI. Tim Greek States in thi: Dark Auk . 147 The map of Gieeee in the Dark Age : dialects, Ionia : dialects and origins intlnenec of the epic.- - Ionia and the Fast the Alphabet and the Fhcenteinns no Phmnieinn induem-e on Greek art as vet. - Intlnenec of Phrygia more important, in religion, in art, m warfare the Hophte - Cavalry. Ionian polities *. Kolophon and Smyrna the destruction of Melia small si/e of must Greek states : Hhodes, la’sbos, Keos, Crete, Audi's greatness anti brilliance (,f Koloplum - Magnesia Ephesus ; the ivories; contact with Sparta tihuiae. Const it utionul development kings ami oligarchic*; Ephesus, Samos, K% me. Knhiphnn ; story of fall of the monarchy at Miletus narrow oligarchy at Kmdos. AkjHh: origin and foundation-legend. Importance of Kyme; early economic development early oversea activity - contact with Phrygia anticipation* of coinage — “ Midacrittis and the Tin Island.” Tim Story of Ardy«. - Law* of Kyme. West of the .Kgean : Kuluda. - Corinth ; constitution and culture; Kumelos. Megant. Aigimi, Athens the I'uioti of Attica - Constitutional develop* meat : from King* to Art-fum*. The Kaluttrian Amphiktiony. The Pchgamnese.. Argolis. Sparta; subjugation of Lakoniu mid Mexsenlu, Elis and Olympia. Trlfdiytia, *- Arkudia. Aehuia. Northern Greece s Thexiidy nobles, serfs and vnwud# >» ThcMKaltan ” knight* *" auejVssr* of Thmubun nrm# internal organi/adion • brigandage ami aduve.trnde. The frontier* of Greece pmj>cr ; •* Kjieina* " Maeethmia - AitoJia Aknnnitiia. Lokris- Phoki# the Amphiktiony of Pylai Dclphui. Boiotia the federal organistathm internal difference# *—«ep«umti*m of Urchuimmn* - *' aborigine# *' at Phrtaiu ?-•- ThtBpini Thrlies -Theban lawn* a government of land¬ owners—Theban army—the Saered Baird, CONTENTS Vll CHAP. PAGE VII. Traders and Sea-Farers .... 232 diameter of Greek colonization ; agrarian rather than mercantile—but trade does play a part. Different kinds of trade in early Greece : short-distance exchange of produce ; peddling trade in luxuries ; the metal-trade—Taphians, Phoenicians, Cypriotes, Rhodes, Kyme—the mystery of the Sigynnoi. The revolution in ship-building—long-ship and round ship—the Phoenicians and the bireme— the trireme. Plurnieians in the west—real and mythical.— Character of their expansion—-Gades— Utica—Carthage. Ilomer on the ideal “desert island Island-grabbing in the Aegean—Widening horizon m the llesiodie poems — Greece on the eve of the Renaissance. Bibliography ....... 253 Index 257 PREFACE THIS book is an attempt to answer the question what manner of men the Greeks were, before they launched out on that momentous process of change which leads to Ionian rationalism and to the civilization of Athens, Such an inquiry is a necessary preliminary to any study of the great change itself that is to have its foundations jinn, and therefore, however laborious, is abundantly worth ‘making. The sources also, though scattered, are by no means so scanty as is sometimes supposed: and if our period has little of the glamour of the Ilcroie Age or Minoan Decline and