Biofi lm-Based Nosocomial Infections Edited by Gianfranco Donelli Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Pathogens www.mdpi.com/journal/pathogens Gianfranco Donelli (Ed.) Biofilm-Based Nosocomial Infections This book is a reprint of the special issue that appeared in the online open access journal Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817) in 2014 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/pathogens/special_issues/Biofilm-Based). Guest Editor Gianfranco Donelli Microbial Biofilm Laboratory (LABIM) IRCCS "Fondazione Santa Lucia" Italy Editorial Office MDPI AG Klybeckstrasse 64 Basel, Switzerland Publisher Shu-Kun Lin Senior Assistant Editor Xiaoyan Liu 1. Edition 2015 MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan ISBN 978-3-03842-135-1 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03842-136-8 (PDF) © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. All articles in this volume are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. However, the dissemination and distribution of physical copies of this book as a whole is restricted to MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. III Table of Contents List of Contributors ............................................................................................................... V About the Guest Editor ...................................................................................................... VIII Preface .................................................................................................................................IX Garry Laverty, Sean P. Gorman and Brendan F. Gilmore Biomolecular Mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli Biofilm Formation Reprinted from: Pathogens 2014, 3(3), 596-632 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/3/3/596 .............................................................................. 1 Valentina Gentile, Emanuela Frangipani, Carlo Bonchi, Fabrizia Minandri, Federica Runci and Paolo Visca Iron and Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilm Formation Reprinted from: Pathogens 2014, 3(3), 704-719 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/3/3/704 ............................................................................ 39 Ana Margarida Sousa and Maria Olívia Pereira Pseudomonas aeruginosa Diversification during Infection Development in Cystic Fibrosis Lungs—A Review Reprinted from: Pathogens 2014, 3(3), 680-703 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/3/3/680 ............................................................................ 56 Claudia Vuotto, Francesca Longo, Maria Pia Balice, Gianfranco Donelli and Pietro E. Varaldo Antibiotic Resistance Related to Biofilm Formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae Reprinted from: Pathogens 2014, 3(3), 743-758 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/3/3/743 ............................................................................ 81 Maria Bandeira, Patricia Almeida Carvalho, Aida Duarte and Luisa Jordao Exploring Dangerous Connections between Klebsiella pneumoniae Biofilms and Healthcare-Associated Infections Reprinted from: Pathogens 2014, 3(3), 720-731 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/3/3/720 ............................................................................ 97 IV Paulo J. M. Bispo, Wolfgang Haas and Michael S. Gilmore Biofilms in Infections of the Eye Reprinted from: Pathogens 2015, 4(1), 111-136 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/4/1/111 .......................................................................... 108 Sonia Pasquaroli, Barbara Citterio, Andrea Di Cesare, Mehdi Amiri, Anita Manti, Claudia Vuotto and Francesca Biavasco Role of Daptomycin in the Induction and Persistence of the Viable but Non-Culturable State of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms Reprinted from: Pathogens 2014, 3(3), 759-768 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/3/3/759 .......................................................................... 134 Alice P. McCloskey, Brendan F. Gilmore and Garry Laverty Evolution of Antimicrobial Peptides to Self-Assembled Peptides for Biomaterial Applications Reprinted from: Pathogens 2014, 3(4), 791-821 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/3/4/791 .......................................................................... 143 Joana Monte, Ana C. Abreu, Anabela Borges, Lúcia Chaves Simões and Manuel Simões Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Phytochemicals against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and Their Biofilms Reprinted from: Pathogens 2014, 3(2), 473-498 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/3/2/473 .......................................................................... 175 Mary Anne Roshni Amalaradjou and Kumar Venkitanarayanan Antibiofilm Effect of Octenidine Hydrochloride on Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA and VRSA Reprinted from: Pathogens 2014, 3(2), 404-416 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/3/2/404 .......................................................................... 202 Eduardo Costa, Sara Silva, Freni Tavaria and Manuela Pintado Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Chitosan on the Oral Pathogen Candida albicans Reprinted from: Pathogens 2014, 3(4), 908-919 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/3/4/908 .......................................................................... 216 V List of Contributors Ana C. Abreu: LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. Mary Anne Roshni Amalaradjou: Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horse Barn Hill Road Ext., Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. Mehdi Amiri: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy. Maria Pia Balice: Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, Rome 00179, Italy. Maria Bandeira: Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal. Francesca Biavasco: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy. Paulo J. M. Bispo: Departments of Ophthalmology, Microbiology and Immunology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114 USA. Carlo Bonchi: Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy. Anabela Borges: LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; CIQUP, Department of Chemical and Biochemical, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; CECAV, University of Trjs-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Apartado 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal. Patricia Almeida Carvalho: Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal. Andrea Di Cesare: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy. Barbara Citterio: Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Sect. Toxicological, Hygiene, and Environmental Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Santa Chiara 27, Urbino 61029, Italy. Eduardo Costa: Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal. Gianfranco Donelli: Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, Rome 00179, Italy. Aida Duarte: Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Prof Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal. Emanuela Frangipani: Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy. Valentina Gentile: Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy. VI Brendan F. Gilmore: Biomaterials, Biofilm and Infection Control Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Biomaterials, Biofilm and Infection Control Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, N. Ireland. Michael S. Gilmore: Departments of Ophthalmology, Microbiology and Immunology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114 USA. Sean P. Gorman: Biomaterials, Biofilm and Infection Control Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK. Wolfgang Haas: Departments of Ophthalmology, Microbiology and Immunology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114 USA. Luisa Jordao: Departamento de Doenças Infeciosas, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal. Garry Laverty: Biomaterials, Biofilm and Infection Control Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Biomaterials, Biofilm and Infection Control Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, N. Ireland. Francesca Longo: Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, Rome 00179, Italy. Anita Manti: Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Santa Chiara 27, Urbino 61029, Italy. Alice