Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER The use of waste as fill material in the land reclamation projects of Jakarta evaluating the possibilities of using waste as an interesting substitute of sand within the land reclamation projects of Jakarta Barry, N.F. Award date: 2013 Link to publication Disclaimer This document contains a student thesis (bachelor's or master's), as authored by a student at Eindhoven University of Technology. Student theses are made available in the TU/e repository upon obtaining the required degree. The grade received is not published on the document as presented in the repository. The required complexity or quality of research of student theses may vary by program, and the required minimum study period may vary in duration. 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Arno Kops (Witteveen & Bos) Date of graduation 07-03-2013 N.F. Barry, 2013, The use of waste as fill material in the land reclamation projects of Jakarta. Foreword This research is the final step of my master degree in the field of Construction Management and Engineering (Urban Development) at the Eindhoven University of Technology, where I started two and half years ago. The research was conducted within the company Witteveen + Bos, where I had Arno Kops as mentor, who gave me the needed flexibility, resources and autonomy, for which I am very grateful and I would like to thank Arno for his trust and support. I would like to thank Sawarendro for his support and for giving me the necessary insight in the Indonesian social and governmental context. I would also like to thank Henk Nieboer for making it all possible. On the TU/e front, I would like to thank my graduation committee: prof Wim Schaefer for the inspiring discussions, Bart van Weenen for his substantive guidance and Han Qi for her support within the research methods and structure. I would also like to thank them all for believing in me and granting me the necessary KENWIB support for the research. I would also like to thank my partner Milko Lippe, my family and friends for their mental support and encouragement. The choice of my research topic was mainly formed during my exchange program in Singapore, where I had a project within the module “Climate Change and the Built Environment” involving flood protection, urban heat island and air pollution. The project inspired me to focus on Asian countries, vulnerable to the effects of climate change. My regular consultations and brainstorm sessions with Arno Kops and eventually Sawarendro helped formulate the research topic, which turned out to be very interesting for all parties: Witteveen + Bos, TU/e en me. Those last months of research have been very interesting with lots of interesting discussions and learning moments. I am very grateful for this opportunity and thank all the experts (see experts list) who played a role within this accomplishment. I hope this research can contribute to the challenge towards sustainable waste management and responsible land reclamation in Jakarta. Everything comes to an end. I guess that is a good thing as there, lies the origin of progress, evolution and improvement. Therefore I am happy to turn this page of my journey book and embrace what comes next. Nene F. Barry The Hague, February 25th 2013. 2 N.F. Barry, 2013, The use of waste as fill material in the land reclamation projects of Jakarta. Content Foreword ........................................................................................................................................... 2 List of tables ...................................................................................................................................... 6 List of figures ..................................................................................................................................... 7 List of experts .................................................................................................................................... 9 1 Introduction and research design ......................................................................................... 11 1.1 Background, context and relevance .................................................................................. 11 1.2 Problem definition ............................................................................................................. 12 1.3 Research questions............................................................................................................ 12 1.4 Research objective and limitations ................................................................................... 12 1.4.1 Limitations or risks .................................................................................................... 13 1.5 Research method .............................................................................................................. 13 1.5.1 Data collection and analysis ...................................................................................... 13 2 Literature review ................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Land reclamation ............................................................................................................... 17 2.1.1 Traditional way of land reclamation; the use of sand as fill material ....................... 17 2.1.2 The use of waste within land reclamation ................................................................ 18 2.2 Land reclamation in Jakarta .............................................................................................. 19 2.2.1 Plans in Jakarta .......................................................................................................... 19 2.3 Solid waste management (SWM) system of Jakarta ......................................................... 20 2.3.1 SWM system .............................................................................................................. 20 2.3.2 MSW quantities and compositions ........................................................................... 21 2.3.3 Solid Waste Infrastructure ........................................................................................ 22 2.3.4 Social context ............................................................................................................ 24 2.3.5 Economic context ...................................................................................................... 26 2.3.6 Environmental context .............................................................................................. 28 2.3.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 29 3 Alternative methods of using waste as fill material within land reclamation ...................... 31 3.1 Alternative 1: existing expertise and technology; Case study of the cases of Pulau Semakau (Singapore) and Yumeshima Island (Japan) ....................................................... 31 3.1.1 Case study protocol ................................................................................................... 31 3.1.2 Singapore case analysis: Semakau landfill ................................................................. 32 3.1.3 Japan case analysis: Yumeshima Island, Osaka ......................................................... 38 3.1.4 Case comparison through MCA ................................................................................. 45 3.1.5 Conclusion and summary of the suitable elements for the case of Jakarta ............. 47 3 N.F. Barry, 2013, The use of waste as fill material in the land reclamation projects of Jakarta. 3.1.6 Alternative 1: Land reclamation method with the use of compost and incinerator ash as fill materials ............................................................................................................. 48 3.2 Alternative 2 and 3: possible new expertise and technology ........................................... 55 3.2.1 Alternative 2: land reclamation method with the use of Plasma Gasification slag as fill material ........................................................................................................................ 55 3.2.2 Alternative 3: land reclamation method with the use of the Strengthened Sediment Technology ................................................................................................................... 61 3.3 Comparison of the three alternatives and their alternative fill materials through MCA 68 3.3.1 Determining the criteria