APPENDIX III THE ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS OF THE GRANDEES OF MEHMED II In this Appendix there will be an attempt to examine the architectural projects of selected high officials who were Mahmud Pasha's contem­ poraries. These will be Zaganos Pasha, ishak Pasha, Rum Mehmed Pasha, Gedik Ahmed Pasha, Hass Murad Pasha and Karamani Meh­ med Pasha. All ofthese men became Grand Vezirs with the exception of Hass Murad Pasha, who died at a young age as Beylerbeyi of Rumeli. Four of them, Zaganos Pasha, Rum Mehmed Pasha, Gedik Ahmed Pasha and Hass Murad Pasha, were converts, while ishak Pasha and Karamani Mehmed Pasha were not. Zaganos Pasha I Zaganos Pasha's main architectural project was in Bahkesir, in Anato­ lia, where he spent time after his two exiles, upon Murad II's return to the throne in 1446 and upon his fall from grace in the reign of Mehmed II, probably in 1456.2 If we combine this information with the fact that Zaganos Pasha appears to have died in Bahkesir in AH 865 (1460-1461), where he was also buried, we may reach the conclu­ sion that he must have had his hass in that town. In Bahkesir Zaganos Pasha built a complex, which included a mosque, a soup kitchen and public baths.' as well as the founder's tomb, which bears the date AH 865 (1460-1461).4 The posthumous endowment deed for this complex is dated AH 866 (1461-1462). 5 He also constructed several buildings in Rumeli. An important contribution of Zaganos Pasha to Ottoman military architecture was his building of a part of Rumeli I For information on Zaganos Pasha see Chapter I. 2 Berki, "islamda Vakif", 27-28. Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror, 116. 3 Ayverdi, Osmanli Mimarisinde Fatih Devri, 57-60. Ayverdi, Fatih Devri Mimarisi, 73. Asikpasazade, Die altosmanische Chronik, 197. 4 Berki, "islamda Vakif", 28 n.lO. Ayverdi, Osmanli Mimarisinde Fatih Devri, 60. Ayverdi, Fatih Devri Mimarisi, 73. 5 Berki, "islamda VakIf', 25-27. Theoharis Stavrides - 9789004492332 Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 09:44:29AM via free access 412 APPENDIX III Hisar, namely one of its three great towers , the Gulkule, in AH 856 (1452).6 Also, according to his endowment deed, he built a mosque in Plovdiv? and public baths in Sofia." There is finally mention of a Zaganos Pasha (SubG.Jl) Mosque in Edirne, but we do not know whether it was built by Mehmed II's Grand Vezir or by someone else. Ayverdi says that it was built by a nam esake of his, who was SUbGJl of Edirne, as it is not mentioned in the posthumous endowment deed of AH 866. 9 ishak Pasha There is mention of two separate officials bearing this name during this period: ishak Pasha bin Ibrahim (Amasyah ishak Pasha) and Ishak Pasha bin Abdullah.!" It seems, however, that the building project of the former was very important, while there is no particular mention of any buildings constructed by the latter. The main building project of ishak Pasha bin ibrahim was created in the town of Inegol, near Bursa. The complex at Inegol contained a mosque, a school, a soup kitchen, an inn , stables, as well as ishak Pasha's tomb. The mosque was similar to the Mahmud Pasha mosque in Istanbul, with a five­ dome porch and a two-dome prayer-hall. According to the endowment of AH 891 (1487), it mu st have been built before AH 87 3 (1 468­ 1469). 11 The school was built, according to its inscription, in AH 887 6 Berki, "islamda VaIaP', 28. Goodwin, Ottoman Architecture, 103-106. 7 Berki, "Islarnda VaIaP', 27. Ayverdi, Osmanlz Mimarisinde Fatih Deon, 273. 8 Berki, "islamda VakIP', 26-27. Ayverdi, OsmanlzMimarisinde Fatih Dam, 857. 9 Ayverdi , OsmanlzMimarisinde Fatih Devri, 223. Ayverd i, Fatih Detm Mimarisi, 68. Berki, "Islamda VaIaP', 25-27. It should be remembered that around the early 1460's there is mention of another Zaganos Pasha in the sources. See C hapter 3. Maybe the brid ge built by a certain Zaganos Pasha in Trebizond (Ayverdi, Osmanli Mimarisinde Fatih Dam, 866. Ayverdi , Fatih DevriMimarisi, 83. Berki, "islamda VaIaP', 27) should be credited to this person and not to the Grand Vez ir, who died at around the time of the Ottoman conquest of that city (1461),in 1460 or 1461 (Berki, "islamda VaIaP', 27). 10 For information on ishak Pasha or, more precisely, the Ishak Pashas of the period see Chapter I. For the idea that there existed two different ishak Pashas see Inalcik, Fatih Detm, 83-84 n.67. II Ayverdi , Osmanli Mimarisinde Fatih Deori, 294-298. Vehbi T am er, "Fatih Devri Ricalinden ishak Pasa'nm Vakfiyeleri ve Valaflan", Vaktjlar Dergisi 4 (1958): 115. Kafescioglu, "T he Ottom an Ca pital", 196-197. Goodwin , Ottoman Architecture, 116­ 117, gives AH 88 7 (1482).a s the year of th.e building of the mosque. Kuran, The Mosque, 130-131. Ali Saim Ulgen, "Inegol'de Ishak Pasa Mimari Manzumesi", Vakiflar Dergisi 4 (1958): 192a-192c, gives AH 88 1 (1476) as the date of the building. Asikpasa­ zade, Die altosmanische Chronik, 197. Theoharis Stavrides - 9789004492332 Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 09:44:29AM via free access TIlE AR CHITECTURAL PROJECTS OF TIlE GRANDEES 413 (1482).12 In the tomb by the mosque are buried ishak Pasha, who, according to the inscription , died in AH 892 (1487), and his wife Tacu'n-Nisa Sultan H atun.P i shak Pasha also constructed othe r buildings in Anatolia. In Ankara he built the T ahta Kale baths, which, according to the inscription, are dat ed to AH 866 (1462).14 These funded, in part, a dervish lodge (zavrye) in Kutah ya.l > In Bursa he created the Gelincik or H allac1ar Bazaar. 16Ishak Pasha also constru ct­ ed a few buildings in Istanbul: a small single-domed mosque, a Koran school and two public baths, one next to the mosqu e and another in Rumeli Hisar.l? He also built public baths and a fountain (seJme) in Edirne. l" baths in Canakkale.!? and the bridge Kadm Most over the Stru ma in Kyustendil (in present day Bulgari a).20 ishak Pasha bin ibrahim ended his days in 1487 , while he was serving as Vali of Thessa1oniki. During his sojourn in that city, he built a mosqu e and an imaret (Alaca Imaret), the endowment ofwhi ch dates from AH 892 (1487), the yea r of ishak Pasha's death.v' This complex was partially suppo rted from the incom e of public baths and an inn in the town of Siderokapsa in the peninsula of Chalkidiki.s? RumMehmed Pasha Rum Mehmed Pasha, Mahmud Pasha's rival in the cour t, built his great complex in Uskudar, a subur b of the capital on the shores of 12 Ayverdi, Osmanli Mimarisinde Fatih Deuri, 298-302 . Goodwin , Ottoman Architec­ ture, 117. Ulgen, "inegol", 192c-192d. 13 Ayverdi, Osmanli Mimarisinde Fatih Deuri, 303-304. Ulgen, "lnegol", 192c. 14 Ayverdi, Osmanlt Mimarisinde Fatih Deuri, 48-49 . Ayverdi, Fatih Deuri Mimarisi, 72. Tamer , "Ishak Pasa", 112-113, 117. 15 Ayverdi, Osmanli Mimarisinde Fatih Deuri, 8 13. T amer, "ishak Pasa", 112-113. 16 Ayverdi, Osmanli Mimarisinde Fatih Deuri, 130. T amer, "ishak Pasa", 116. 17 Asikpasa zade, Die altosmanische Chronik, 197. Ayverdi, Osmanli Mimarisinde Fatih Deuri, 425-426, 601. Ayverdi, Fatih Deori Mimarisi, 34. Tamer, "ishak Pa§a", 113. Kafescioglu, "T he Ottoman Capital", 197. The 1546 docum ent inform s us that the income of those baths in that year was 1,800 akce annually. Barkan and Ayverd i, istanbul Vakiflan, 5. 18 Ayverdi, Osmanli Mimarisinde Fatih Deori, 233. T amer, "ishak Pasa", III , 113. 19 Ayverdi, Fatih Deuri Mimarisi, 74. According to Ayverdi, Osmanli MimarisindeFatih Deuri, 171, it is not known whether this hamam was built by ishak bin ib rahim or ishak bin Abdullah. In any case, it is not mentioned in ishak bin ibrahim 's oaksf. 20 Ayverdi, Osmanlt Mimarisinde Fatih Deuri, 806-807. 2\ Tamer , "ishak Pasa", 119. M. Kiel, "Notes on the History of some T urkish Monuments in T hessaloniki and their Founde rs", Balkan Studies II (1970): 135-140. Asikpasazade, Die altosmanische Chronik, 197. 22 Tamer , "ishak Pasa", 119. Kiel, "T urkish Monuments in Thessaloniki", 139. Theoharis Stavrides - 9789004492332 Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 09:44:29AM via free access 4 14 APPENDIX III Asia. This complex included a mosque, a schoo l, pu blic ba ths, a soup kitchen, an inn , as well as the founder's mausoleum. According to its inscription, the mosque was built in AH 876 (1471- 1472),23 and presented many Byzan tinizing elements.t! T he mausoleum was an octagonal building situated behind the mosqu e.P The entire complex received water through the Rum Me hmed Pasha Aqu educt in Dogan­ cllar. 26 Also in Uskuda r, Rum Mehmed Pasha built a bazaar, which consisted of fifty shops.f? He also built public baths in the Unkapam area in Istanbul.i" although his palace was not in the proximity of his main foundat ion , but within the walls of the capital.s? Rum Me hmed Pasha's mosque in -oskiida r was in part suppo rted by the public baths that he had built in Edirne.t" as well as by houses and shops in Istanbul and the income from a village in the area of Dime­ toka.f T hree more buildings by Rum Mehmed Pasha are also known in Anatolia. There is a mosque in the town of Tire in western Anatolia, the date of which is the same as the date of the mosque in -0skudar, AH 876.