t % AIR UNIVERSITY Heview Alr Ur|iversity Librar> MOV ' 9 1956 ' r^xwell AFB, A/a. 3611 f. eme act>©n USAF’S ROLE IN LATIN AMERICA: MILITARY ASSISTANCE, EDUCATION, AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE CIVIC ACTION NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1966 W hy Mil it a h y Assist a n c e for Latin Amer ica ? .....................................................................................2 Col. Frank R. Pancake, usaf (Ret) T he Lvter-Amer ica n Air Forces Academy........................................................................................... 13 Dr. A. Glenn Morton Preventive Med ic in e Civ ic Action Trainixc P rocram.........................................................................21 Maj. Mathew T. Dunn, usaf Maj. James B. Jones, usaf T he Spe c t r u m Construct of Conflict..............................................................................................................30 Norman Precoda Axa l ysis and Technology........................................................................................................................................45 Maj. Paul L. Gray, usaf Melvin Tanchel F rench Nuclear Wea pon s Policy...........................................................................................................................55 Lt. Col. Norman D. Eaton, usaf Aer o xa ut ica l Ge r ia t r ic s..............................................................................................................................................62 Col. I. R. Perkin, usaf Satellite Ground Tracks....................................................................................................................................... 71 Maj. Edward P. Nlazak, Jr., usaf Air Operations in Vietnam T he Air Force En gineer s Problems ln S outheast Asia ........................................................76 Maj. Gen. R. H. Curtin, usaf USAF H ospital Clark and the Vie t n a m Casualties.......................................................................85 Col. Arthur B. Tarrow, usaf (mc ) ln My Opinion M anacer-Spec ia l ist Relationships: A T heory.................................................................................... 90 Maj. Lawrence B. Tatum, usaf Books and Ideas Our Stratecic Dil e m m a s ..............................................................................; .......................................94 Dr. David YV. Tarr H ist o r y and the Long-Rance Planner.................................................................................................98 Maj. John Schlight, usaf T he Contributors.........................................................................................................................................................102 lhe cover As Winter's breath begins to chili our tempcr- Addreu manuscrípts to the Editor, Air Uni- nte clime, one thinks fondly on the wannth oerrtfv Revietc, Aerospace Studiei Institute, of our neighbor countries to the south. The Maxwell Air Force Ba*e, Ala. Printed by the Government Príntíng Office. Washington, fíeview, in n more pracHcnl look southward. D.C. Subscriptions are sold by the Air Uni- considers several aspects of USAF relation- veruty Boolt Drpartment, Maxwell Air Force ship with Latin America: Col. Frank R. Pan- AU,: yearly $4.50, bacfc Usues 75 cake‘s "W hy Military Assistance for Latin cent». USAF r jc c v iim n o pu bl ic a t io n 50-2. America?” Dr. A. Glenn Morton’s "The Inter- American Air Forces Academy,” and Majors Vol. XVIII No. 1 N ovember-Dece MBEB Mathew T. Dunn and James B. Jones'* "Preven- tive Medicine Civic Action Trnining Program." ■Airün.iuMiiiy I ihmry THE United States, as one of the eighteen W estern Hemisphere nations that signed lhe Inter-American Treatv o f Reciprocai Assistance (knoun as the Rio pact) in 1947, is committed to a policy o f preventing and repelling threats and acts o f aggression against any country o f the Américas. In accordance uith Joinl Chiefs o f Staffplans, the United States Air Forces Southern Command (USAFSO) is responsihle for the capability o f U.S. air forces to back up that policy. Besides this primary mililary mission, USAFSO has the advisory role o f assisting in the development o f country air forces under the U.S. Mililary Assistance Program (MAP). Throughout all these ejforts. theaim is to foster friendly relations, strengthen hemispheric solidarity. and promote a community o f prosperous nations whose governments reflect the uill o f their peoples. USAFSO's task is as big as the territory o f Central and South America, as complex as the geographical, economic. and ethnic features are diverse, and as tricky as Communist subcersive actii ities can make it. In this issue Air Universitv Review presents three articles spotlighting seceral phases o f Air Force activilies in Latin America: ” W hy Military Assistance for Latin America?" by Colonel Frank Pancake. "Inter-American Air Forces Academy" by Dr. A. Glenn Morton, and "Prevenlive Medicine Civic Action Training Program" by Major Matheiv Dunn and Major James Jones. WIIV MILITARY ASSISTANCE FOR LATIN AMERICA? Colonel Frank R. Pancake NE of the stubbom facts about the United States in the mid-twentieth O century is its lack of genuine concem about what is going on in Central and South America. It is perhaps not surprising because the people of the United States historically have looked either to the East or to the West. Most have their family origins in Europe or in Asia. The tremendous wars of this century underscored antagonism and dangers across ndex I □ □□r 4 AIR UNIVERSITY REVIEW the Atlantic and Pacific. In the aftermath of and has over 80 million inhabitants, the lan- World War II, the revolution of ideas and the guage is Portuguese; in the tiny Guianas three emergence of a whole family of new nations languages are spoken—French, Dutch, and ha ve again tended to emphasize the Middle English. And although there is undeniably a East, África, and the Indian Ocean basin. More manana attitude in many areas, still the number recently the war in Vietnam has again diverted of Latin American achievements is notable. To attention from this nearer region that has come name but one, a listing of the seven largest to be called Latin America. cities in the Western Hemisphere in 1960 in- Even the phrase “Latin America is in it- cluded four south of the Rio Grande: Buenos self a reflection of our indifference, since it Aires—third, São Paulo—fourth, Rio de Janeiro provides a convenient term by which to de- —fifth, and México City—seventh. scribe a vast area that we tend to think of as an Nevertheless, there is an undeniable com- entity whereas in realitv its member countries mon denominator in the area, and that com- are very different in background, resources, mon denominator is underdevelopment with State of development, and form of govemment. its inevitable companion, limited Communica- People in the United States refer to residents tions. (“Communications” here is used in its from México to Cape Hom as “Latin Ameri- broadest sense to include roads, railroads, cans” because, after all, aren’t they all swarthy, canais, air routes, wire Services, etc.) These and small in stature, mostly Spanish-speaking, and other factors have perpetuated widespread generally agreed that the best time to get things illiteracy and a chronic State of poverty. Nor done is mafianaP Such is the stereotype that is the poverty that exists in Latin America the comes to mind when the average Yanqui stops kind known by the people of the United States, to think about his neighbors to the south. where poverty is an affliction of the minority. Even a cursorv examination of this image In Central and South America it is the condi- reveals that there are a good many Latinos— tion of the majority. For the principal curse of notably in Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, and Argen- this region is that its resources have always tina—who are neither swarthy nor small. In been controlled by a relative few, and the Brazil, which is as large as the United States benefits of natural abundance have been de- United States Air Forces Southern Command C-130’s have airlifted more than a million and a half pounds of road-building equipment in Peru and Brazil. U.S. participation in the civic-action program has enabled Latin American military forces to continue their own civic-action projects of opening remote interior regions to surface travei and commerce. 6053 Y WHY MILITARY ASSISTANCE FOR LAT1N AMERICA? 5 nied the great majority of the people. The tions to a levei that will give reasonable assur- plight of the campesino and the Indian in this ance of internai security and provide certain part of the world is incalculably worse than elements of hemispheric defense. Stress is that of the poor in the United States. Also, placed on support of units that have “nation- there is a much smaller base of the well-to-do building” characteristics, such as construction from which to produee the capital, the man- and transportation units. Congress has decreed agement, and the development required to a ceiling of $55,000,000 on military equipment alleviate the poverty of the masses. To put for this area. The oft-voiced questions are it another way, the industrial revolution that many: Why should we invest good U.S. dollars changed the whole way of life in Europe and in military aid when what is really needed is America has yet to take place—in any complete economic aid? Why strengthen Latin Ameri- sense—in Central and South America. can armed forces when their strength is fre- Thus the problem facing the govemments