NEW INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE BASED NIKER APPROACHES TO THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL Grant Agreement n° HERITAGE FROM EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED RISK 244123 Deliverable D 4.1 Specification for laboratory specimens and testing strategies on walls Due date: September 2010 Submission date: 15/09/2010 Issued by: BAM/ZRS WORKPACKAGE 4: Optimization of design for vertical elements Partners: UNIPD, ITAM, NTUA, POLIMI, UMINHO, UPC, CDCU, S&B, ZRS, MONU Leader: BAM PROJECT N°: 244123 ACRONYM: NIKER TITLE: New integrated knowledge based approaches to the protection of cultural heritage from earthquake-induced risk COORDINATOR: Università di Padova (Italy) START DATE: 01 January 2010 DURATION: 36 months INSTRUMENT: Collaborative Project Small or medium scale focused research project THEME: Environment (including Climate Change) Dissemination level: PU Rev: FIN NEW INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE BASED NIKER APPROACHES TO THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL Grant Agreement n° HERITAGE FROM EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED RISK 244123 INDEX 1 INTRODUCTION AND GOALS OF THE WORK PACKAGE ................................................... 1 2 VERTICAL ELEMENTS UNDER EARTHQUAKE LOAD ......................................................... 2 2.1 Material properties .............................................................................................................. 2 2.1.1 Masonry materials and masonry ..................................................................................... 2 2.1.2 Composite characteristics of masonry ............................................................................ 6 2.1.3 Monolithic/homogeneous vertical elements .................................................................... 7 2.2 Load scenarios for vertical elements with respect to experiments ..................................... 9 2.2.1 Earthquakes and seismic waves ..................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Seismic loading and structural response of vertical elements ...................................... 10 2.2.3 Simulated earthquake motions ..................................................................................... 12 3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON VERTICAL ELEMENTS AND TEST PROCEDURES – STATE OF THE ART ...................................................................................................................... 14 3.1 Laboratory tests on stone masonry walls ......................................................................... 14 3.1.1 Simple compression tests ............................................................................................. 14 3.1.2 In-plane behaviour of masonry walls under combined vertical and horizontal loads .... 22 3.2 Laboratory tests on earthen materials and walls .............................................................. 30 3.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 30 3.2.2 Compression and flexural tests on materials and small wall elements ......................... 31 3.2.3 Compression and diagonal compression tests on wall elements ................................. 35 3.2.4 In-plane behaviour of masonry walls subjected to shear loading ................................. 36 3.2.5 Cyclic testing ................................................................................................................. 37 3.2.6 Dynamic testing ............................................................................................................ 39 4 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS WITHIN THE WORKPACKAGE ............................................. 40 4.1 General approach ............................................................................................................. 40 4.2 Materials and wall types ................................................................................................... 40 4.3 Specimen type and type of loading .................................................................................. 41 4.4 Strengthening techniques ................................................................................................. 42 5 DETAILED EXPERIMENTAL WORK PLAN FOR EACH PARTNER .................................... 44 5.1 Partner n° 1 – UNIPD ....................................................................................................... 44 5.1.1 Stone masonry walls - Laboratory experimental campaign .......................................... 44 5.1.2 Stone Masonry Walls - In-situ Experimental Campaign ................................................ 47 5.1.3 Experimental campaign on composite materials .......................................................... 48 5.1.4 Experimental program on shear tests ........................................................................... 49 5.1.5 Experimental program on durability (in cooperation with POLIMI) ................................ 49 Optimization of design for walls and pillars D4.1 i NEW INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE BASED NIKER APPROACHES TO THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL Grant Agreement n° HERITAGE FROM EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED RISK 244123 5.2 Partners n° 2 and 17– BAM in collaboration with ZRS: Tests on earthen structural elements ...................................................................................................................................... 50 5.2.1 Scope and objectives .................................................................................................... 50 5.2.2 Materials and material properties .................................................................................. 50 5.2.3 Static experiments on small sized wall segments ......................................................... 52 5.2.4 Dynamic in-plane loading experiments with unidirectional horizontal sliding table ....... 54 5.3 Partner n° 3 – ITAM: Bhutan case - Construction in Bhutan ............................................ 55 5.3.1 Introduction and objectives ........................................................................................... 55 5.3.3 Experimental Program .................................................................................................. 56 5.4 Partner n° 4 and 16 – NTUA in collaboration with S&B: Stone Masonry Walls - Laboratory Experimental Campaign .............................................................................................................. 57 5.4.1 Introduction and Objectives .......................................................................................... 57 5.4.2 Experimental Program .................................................................................................. 58 5.5 Partner n° 5 – POLIMI ...................................................................................................... 59 5.5.1 Stone Masonry Walls - In-situ Experimental Campaign on wall quality (in cooperation with UNIPD) ............................................................................................................................. 59 5.5.2 Stone Masonry Walls - In-situ Experimental Campaign on wall repair by injection (in collaboration with UNIPD) ........................................................................................................ 60 5.5.3 Experimental program on the durability of repairs by composite materials ................... 61 5.6 Partner n° 6 – UMINHO .................................................................................................... 64 5.6.1 Experimental program on timber frame walls ............................................................... 64 5.6.2 Experimental program on grout injection of rammed earth ........................................... 65 5.6.3 Experimental program on bond durability of composite materials applications to masonry structures .................................................................................................................. 68 5.6.4 Experimental program on direct shear tests ................................................................. 71 5.7 Partner n° 10 – ENA ......................................................................................................... 71 5.8 Partner n° 11 – CDCU: Case study Meqaad Radwan, Ottoman Period (1650 AD.) ........ 72 5.8.1 Introduction and objectives ........................................................................................... 72 5.8.2 Materials and material properties .................................................................................. 72 5.8.3 Experimental program ................................................................................................... 72 5.9 Partner n° 18 – MONUMENTA ......................................................................................... 73 5.9.1 Materials and materials properties ................................................................................ 73 5.9.2 Experimental program ................................................................................................... 73 6 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 75 Optimization of design for walls and pillars D4.1 ii NEW INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE BASED NIKER APPROACHES TO THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL Grant Agreement n° HERITAGE FROM EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED RISK 244123 1 INTRODUCTION AND GOALS OF THE WORK PACKAGE The structural response of historical buildings to earthquakes is manifold and complex. This re- sponse does not only depend on the type of earthquake wave,