BEST PRACTICES AND KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR TRANSIT ELECTRIFICATION AND CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE DEPLOYMENT TO DELIVER PREDICTABLE, RELIABLE, AND COST-EFFECTIVE FLEET SYSTEMS First Published JUNE 2020 Edition 2.0 SEPTEMBER 2020 AUTHORS Dr.Josipa Petrunic, President & CEO Dr. Elnaz Abotalebi, Researcher & Project Lead Dr. Abhishek Raj, Researcher c 2 COPYRIGHT © 2020 Information in this document is to be considered the intellectual property of the Canadian Urban Transit Research and Innovation Consortium in accordance with Canadian copyright law. This report was prepared by the Canadian Urban Transit Research and Innovation Consortium for the account of Natural Resources Canada. The material in it reflects the Canadian Urban Transit Research and Innovation Consortium’s best judgment in light of the information available to it at the time of preparation. Any use that a third party makes of this report or any reliance on or decisions to be made based on it are the responsibility of such third parties. The Canadian Urban Transit Research and Innovation Consortium accepts no responsibility of such third parties. The Canadian Urban Transit Research and Innovation Consortium accepts no responsibility for damages, if any, suffered by any third party as a result of decisions made or actions based on this report. UPDATE: COVID-19 PUBLICATION IMPACT The publication of this report has been delayed by three months due to the COVID-19 global pandemic. This report, and the majority of research included within it, was completed primarily between September 2019 and March 2020 – prior to the novel coronavirus pandemic affecting local economies and transit revenue across Canada. While efforts have been made to include relevant announcements by Canadian transit agencies since that time, specifically as they relate to electric buses, many investment decisions and funding programs related to municipal green infrastructure deployments may change this year as a result of the financial crisis unfolding in cities across the country. Canadian Urban Transit Research and Innovation Consortium (CUTRIC) Consortium de recherche et d’innovation en transport urbain au Canada (CRITUC) Suite 1801-1 Yonge Street Toronto, ON M5E 1W7 [email protected] c 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures _______________________________________________________ 6 List of Tables ________________________________________________________ 7 List of Acronyms ____________________________________________________ 8 Executive summary ________________________________________________ 12 Introduction _______________________________________________________ 15 Literature review ___________________________________________________ 17 Transit electrification technologies _____________________________________________ 17 Electric bus types and technologies ____________________________________________ 19 Battery electric buses (BEBs) ___________________________________________________ 20 Fuel cell electric buses (FCEBs) _________________________________________________ 26 Overview of current charging standards for BEVs and BEBs ______________________ 30 Charging systems for EVs: Overview ____________________________________________ 31 Charging systems for EVs: Protocols and standards ______________________________ 34 Overview of key industry original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers 40 Core vehicle manufacturers ___________________________________________________ 41 Core suppliers and integrators _________________________________________________ 45 Global BEB adoption overview ________________________________________________ 47 United States ________________________________________________________________ 47 Europe _____________________________________________________________________ 50 China and other countries ___________________________________________________ 52 Global FCEB adoption overview _______________________________________________ 52 United States ________________________________________________________________ 52 Europe _____________________________________________________________________ 53 Overview of Canadian cities adopting BEBs ____________________________________ 54 Vancouver, British Columbia _________________________________________________ 54 Edmonton, Alberta __________________________________________________________ 55 Grande Prairie, Alberta ______________________________________________________ 55 St. Albert, Alberta ___________________________________________________________ 55 Winnipeg, Manitoba ________________________________________________________ 55 Toronto, Ontario _____________________________________________________________ 56 Brampton, York Region, TransLink: CUTRIC-led “Pan-Canadian Electric Bus Demonstration & Integration Trial: Phase I” ____________________________________ 57 c 4 Laval, Québec ______________________________________________________________ 58 Longueuil, Québec __________________________________________________________ 59 Montréal, Québec __________________________________________________________ 59 CUTRIC-led “Pan-Canadian Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Demonstration & Integration Trial: Phase I” ______________________________________________________ 60 Use of electric buses for school transportation __________________________________ 61 Market readiness of Canadian provinces and territories for fleet electrification ___ 63 British Columbia _____________________________________________________________ 63 Alberta _____________________________________________________________________ 65 Saskatchewan ______________________________________________________________ 67 Manitoba ___________________________________________________________________ 67 Ontario _____________________________________________________________________ 68 Québec ____________________________________________________________________ 74 New Brunswick ______________________________________________________________ 77 Nova Scotia ________________________________________________________________ 78 Prince Edward Island ________________________________________________________ 79 Newfoundland and Labrador ________________________________________________ 80 Yukon ______________________________________________________________________ 80 Northwest Territories _________________________________________________________ 81 Nunavut ____________________________________________________________________ 82 Summary _____________________________________________________________________ 82 Qualitative data outcomes: findings from interviews with transit agencies84 Methodology _________________________________________________________________ 87 Qualitative data analysis ______________________________________________________ 87 Canadian transit agency interview outcomes ________________________________ 88 Opportunities _______________________________________________________________ 92 Challenges _________________________________________________________________ 96 Solutions __________________________________________________________________ 102 U.S. transit agency insights ___________________________________________________ 105 Additional summary outcomes ______________________________________________ 107 Focus group consultation session outcomes: Montréal ______________ 109 Methodology _______________________________________________________________ 109 Focus group consultation outcomes _________________________________________ 110 c 5 Opportunities _____________________________________________________________ 110 Challenges _______________________________________________________________ 112 Solutions __________________________________________________________________ 115 Summary ___________________________________________________________________ 119 Transit electrification and ZEB panel outcomes from CUTRIC’s 1st Canadian Low- Carbon Smart Mobility Technology Conference, Winnipeg, MB (September 2019) 120 Methodology _______________________________________________________________ 120 Transit agencies ___________________________________________________________ 121 Challenges _______________________________________________________________ 123 Solutions __________________________________________________________________ 123 Manufacturers ______________________________________________________________ 124 Opportunities _____________________________________________________________ 125 Challenges _______________________________________________________________ 125 Solutions __________________________________________________________________ 126 Utilities ______________________________________________________________________ 127 Opportunities _____________________________________________________________ 128 Challenges _______________________________________________________________ 128 Solutions __________________________________________________________________ 129 Summary of conference panel sessions, Winnipeg ____________________________ 129 Conclusion _______________________________________________________ 131 Recommendations _______________________________________________ 133 References _______________________________________________________ 135 Appendix A: Interview Invitation Letter _____________________________ 150 Appendix B: Interview Questions ___________________________________ 152 c 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Overview of a battery electric bus (BEB) powertrain [3]. ............................................................. 17 Figure 2. Well-to-wheel approach for electricity generation