http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4919.html We ship printed books within 1 business day; personal PDFs are available immediately. Engineering Within Ecological Constraints Peter Schulze, Editor; National Academy of Engineering ISBN: 0-309-59647-5, 224 pages, 6 x 9, (1996) This PDF is available from the National Academies Press at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4919.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online for free • Explore our innovative research tools – try the “Research Dashboard” now! • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books and selected PDF files Thank you for downloading this PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department toll- free at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to [email protected]. This book plus thousands more are available at http://www.nap.edu. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Request reprint permission for this book. i e h t be ion. om r ibut f r t cannot r at not o f EnginEngineeringeeringEngineering WithinWithinWithin however, version ng, i t paper book, at ive EcolEcologicalogicalEcological ConstraintsConstraintsConstraints at rm o riginal horit ic f o e h t he aut t om r as ing-specif t ion ed f Edited by Peter C. Schulze peset y http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4919.html Engineering WithinEcologicalConstraints publicat her t iles creat is h t L f M of and ot X om yles, r f st version print posed e h NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING heading Copyright © National Academy ofSciences. Allrights reserved. recom use t breaks, ease l been P word has ed. hs, insert ally line lengt original work e h t he original; ion of t at o ue t r have been accident y t a represent m are l a errors age breaks P is new digit h pographic y iles. T t f e ile: ng i f t F D P peset and som is y h t ined, NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS a bout A ret original t Washington, D.C. 1996 ii e h t be ion. om NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418 r ibut f r t cannot The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the r at not National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous o f in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sci- ences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering however, also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and version ng, i research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Harold Liebowitz is president t paper book, at ive of the National Academy of Engineering. at rm This volume has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures o approved by a National Academy of Engineering report review process. The interpretations and con- riginal horit ic f clusions expressed in the papers are those of the authors and are not presented as the views of the o e council, officers, or staff of the National Academy of Engineering. h t he aut Funding for the activity that led to this publication was provided by the W. M. Keck Founda- t om tion, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and the National Academy of Engineering Technology r as ing-specif t Agenda Program. ion ed f Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data peset Engineering within ecological constraints / edited by Peter C. Schulze. y p. cm. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4919.html Engineering WithinEcologicalConstraints publicat "National Academy of Engineering." her t iles creat is Includes bibliographical references and index. h t L f M of ISBN 0-309-05198-3 (alk. paper) and ot X 1. Ecological engineering. I. Schulze, Peter C. II. National Academy of Engineering. om yles, r f GE350.E54 1996 st version 628—dc20 95-47174 CIP print posed e Copyright 1996 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. h heading Copyright © National Academy ofSciences. Allrights reserved. Cover art: The Japanese Footbridge by Claude Monet, courtesy of the National Gallery of Art, recom use t Washington, D.C. This book is printed on recycled paper. breaks, ease Printed in the United States of America l been P word has ed. hs, insert ally line lengt original work e h t he original; ion of t at o ue t r have been accident y t a represent m are l a errors age breaks P is new digit h pographic y iles. T t f e ile: ng i f t F D P peset and som is y h t ined, a bout A ret original t PREFACE iii e h t be ion. om r ibut f r t cannot r at not PREFACE o f however, version ng, i t paper book, at ive at rm o riginal horit ic f o e h Advances in engineering and technology have historically been crucial to t he aut t solving important societal problems, including those that result from the om r as ing-specif t environmental impacts of humans. This pattern will undoubtedly continue into ion ed f the future. Unfortunately, however, the application of some innovations has had peset y undesirable, sometimes unanticipated, environmental consequences. Therefore, http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4919.html Engineering WithinEcologicalConstraints publicat a primary challenge for the future is to maximize the benefits of technological her t iles creat is h innovation and use while minimizing undesirable environmental effects. t L f M of One response to this challenge is the recent efforts in business and industry and ot X that emphasize preventing environmental damage, a practice based on industrial om yles, r f ecology. Like traditional ecology, which is the study of natural and managed st version ecosystems, industrial ecology is the study of industrial systems and their print relationships to natural and managed ecosystems. The foundation of industrial posed e h heading ecology is a systems approach to environmental design and management based Copyright © National Academy ofSciences. Allrights reserved. recom on an understanding of the flows of materials and energy in industrial and use t consumer activities, the effects of these flows on the environment, and the breaks, ease l been influences of economic, political, regulatory, and social factors on the flow, use, P and transformation of resources. These efforts have made substantial progress word has ed. hs, in reducing pollution and the consumption of raw materials per unit of production. However, inefficiencies are only part of the problem. insert Gains in efficiency can be overshadowed by concurrent increases in the ally line lengt scale of production that result from population growth or increased per capita original work e consumption. For example, efficiency improvements in fishing technology have h t led to overfishing and the collapse of several fisheries. Fishing quotas designed to address this problem ideally are based on economic theory and on ecological he original; ion of t at o data ue t r have been accident y t a represent m are l a errors age breaks P is new digit h pographic y iles. T t f e ile: ng i f t F D P peset and som is y h t ined, a bout A ret original t PREFACE iv e h t be ion. om r and reasoning. In fisheries as in other areas of economic activity, averting ibut f r t cannot problems of overuse will require that insights from ecology, engineering, r at not o economics, and other fields be better integrated in devising technological and f policy solutions. however, The papers in this volume are the products of a National Academy of version ng, i t Engineering (NAE) meeting intended to take a small step toward promoting the paper book, at ive necessary multidisciplinary approach. at rm o They were contributed by engineers, ecologists, and social scientists. They riginal horit ic f o provide a variety of perspectives on the challenges faced in efforts to engineer e h within ecological constraints. We hope these papers will contribute to efforts to t he aut t om find paths toward sustainability and will stimulate further cross-disciplinary r as ing-specif t interaction. ion ed f This volume originates from an April 1994 meeting we chaired based on a peset y concept originated by Peter Schulze. Both the publication and the meeting are http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4919.html Engineering WithinEcologicalConstraints publicat her t components of an ongoing NAE initiative exploring issues of technology and iles creat is h t L f the environment. We are indebted to the authors for their excellent M of and ot contributions, to a group of external reviewers of those contributions, and to an X editorial team composed of Peter Schulze, Dale Langford, Jessica Blake, and om yles, r f Penny Gibbs. On behalf of Peter Schulze, thanks also go to Austin College for st version supporting his work on this volume.