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The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Departament de Traducció i d’Interpretació i d’Estudis de l’Asia Oriental Doctorat en Traducció i Estudis Interculturals Implementing Machine Translation and Post-Editing to the Translation of Wildlife Documentaries through Voice-over and Off-screen Dubbing A Research on Effort and Quality PhD dissertation presented by: Carla Ortiz Boix Supervised and tutorized by: Dr. Anna Matamala 2016 A la meva família: als que hi són, als que no, i als que només hi són a mitges. Acknowledgments The road to finishing this PhD has not been easy and it would not have been accomplished without the priceless support of many: First of all, I want to thank my supervisor, Dr. Anna Matamala, for all her hard work. It has not been an easy road and sometimes I would have lost the right path if she had not been there to support, encourage, and challenge me. The PhD would not have come out the way it has without you. On a professional level, I also want to thank Dr. Pilar Orero for embracing me at the MRA and for all the good moments there. It has been a great pleasure. To the MRA ladies (and men): the ones that I saw leave and the ones that came after me. I learned a great bit from each and every one of you. To the members of TransMedia Catalonia (2014SGR0027) and the Department of Translation, Interpretation and East Asian Studies at UAB with whom I have had the pleasure to share moments. To AGAUR and UAB for awarding me with the FI-DGR2013 scholarship to be able to fulfill this PhD. I would like to thank specially Manuel Herranz, who welcomed me in Pangeanic Valencia and allowed me to learn from them, and Dr. Sharon O’Brien, for allowing me to do a research stay at DCU, for tutoring me while I was there and for all the great advice. I would also want to thank all the people who voluntarily participated in the experiments; this PhD would not be the same without them all. On a personal level, I want to first of all thank my parents for all the love and patience they have given me. For being there for me always, no matter what. My life would not be the same without me sister Aurora, who believes in me more than I do and encourages me to be better. I have always been told she looks up to me, but she should realize that she is the most amazing, caring and loving sister and person anyone could ask for. My niece Elna will grow up an extraordinary human being thanks to her and Dani. I have also been surrounded all my life by my grandparents, and I am proud to be their granddaughter. During this last three years I have not been able to go to Banyoles as much as I would have wanted. I would like to thank my friends for their patience and for dealing with my absences. I owe “tocs” to many that I intend to pay soon. I don’t want to forget Cristina and Ainara, my Leipzig family; I will miss you in the USA. And last, but not least, I want to thank David. He came into my life when I least expected it and he decided to stay. This last year would not have been the same without him next to me. He is my rock, he gives me strength when I need it, and lends me his hand when I give out. He is what I wished for and more. I can’t wait to start the next chapter of our lives. Index ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 7 INDEX OF TABLES AND FIGURES ................................................................................................. 11 ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................................................... 15 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 19 1.1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS, OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESIS .............................................. 22 1.2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH BACKGROUND ....................................... 25 1.2.1. Translation of Documentaries through Voice-Over and Off-Screen Dubbing 26 1.2.2. Machine Translation and Post-Editing .............................................................. 31 1.2.3. Quality and Quality Assessment ........................................................................ 35 1.3. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 40 1.4. PHD STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................ 45 2. FIRST ARTICLE .......................................................................................................................... 53 3. SECOND ARTICLE .................................................................................................................... 101 4. THIRD ARTICLE ....................................................................................................................... 131 5. FOURTH ARTICLE ................................................................................................................... 165 6. SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 191 6.1. SUMMARY IN ENGLISH ................................................................................................ 191 6.2. SUMMARY IN SPANISH ............................................................................................... 192 6.3. SUMMARY IN CATALAN .............................................................................................. 194 7. CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................... 199 7.1. DISCUSSION ON THE RESULTS .................................................................................. 200 7.1.1. On the Specificities of Translating Documentaries and their Impact on Machine Translation .................................................................................................... 200 7.1.2. On Post-Editing Effort ..................................................................................... 207 7.1.3. On Quality Assessment ................................................................................... 209 7.1.4. Discussion of the Main Objective and Hypothesis ........................................... 211 7.2. MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS, LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH .............................. 212 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 221 FILMOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................. 243 ANNEX A ............................................................................................................................................. 247 A1. 1ST ARTICLE ................................................................................................................... 247 A2. 2ND ARTICLE .................................................................................................................. 281 A3. 3RD ARTICLE ................................................................................................................... 305 A4. 4TH ARTICLE ................................................................................................................... 353 ANNEX B DVD 1 ANNEX C DVD 2 ANNEX D DVD 3 Index of Tables and Figures TABLES Chapter 1. Introduction: TABLE 1. CORRELATION ARTICLES-OBJECTIVES ..................................................... 25 TABLE 2. EXCERPTS' CHARACTERISTICS. ................................................................. 43 Chapter 2. First Article: TABLE 1. EN-DOC & SPA-DOC CORPORA ................................................................. 60 TABLE 2. EN-DOC & SPA-DOC CORPORA ................................................................ 60 TABLE 3. MT ENGINES ............................................................................................... 61 TABLE 4. USED METRICS FOR HUMAN EVALUATION BASED ON MQM (USZKOREIT ET AL. 2013) ................................................................................................................ 64 TABLE 5. REVIEW OF THE METHODOLOGY ............................................................ 64 TABLE 6. SPOTTING. EN-DOC. NO TIME CODES ..................................................... 66 TABLE 7. SPOTTING. EN-DOC. TIME CODES ............................................................ 66 TABLE 8. SPOTTING. SPA-DOC. TIME CODES .......................................................... 66 TABLE 9. TYPES OF TIME CODES SPOTTING ........................................................... 67 TABLE 10. VARIETY OF SCRIPTS - EN-DOC 1 ............................................................. 70 TABLE 11.