Car Suspension and Handling Fourth Edition List of Chapters: Preface to the Fourth Edition 3.8 Tire Uniformity 3.9 Aspect Ratios Preface to the First Edition 3.10 Tire Selection and Air Chamber Geometry Notation 3.11 References Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 4 Steering 1.1 Scope and Layout of the Book 4.1 Dynamic Function of the Steering 1.2 The Function of the Suspension System System 4.2 Steering Angles: Effects of Tire Slip 1.3 Suspension Geometry Angles and Steering and Suspension 1.4 Kinematics and Compliance (K&C) Kinematics 1.5 Vehicle Dynamics 4.3 Relative Positions of Front- and Rear- 1.6 References Wheel Tracks 4.4 Understeer and Oversteer Chapter 2 Disturbances and Sensitivity 4.5 Directional Stability 2.1 Road Irregularities 4.6 Torque in the Steering System 2.2 Influence of Wheel Size 4.7 Steering Torque Effects Due to 2.3 Subjective Assessment of Ride Steering Geometry 2.4 Human Sensitivity to Vibration 4.8 The Steering Column 2.5 Measurement Standards for Vibration 4.9 Steering Gear 2.6 Influence of Noise on Assessment of 4.10 Constant Velocity (CV) Driveshaft Ride Comfort Joints 2.7 Influence of Phase of Differential 4.11 Torque Steer Effects Vibration on Assessment of Ride 4.12 Front-Wheel Steering Oscillations— Comfort Shimmy 2.8 References 4.13 Power Assistance 4.14 Electric Power Steering Chapter 3 The Wheel and Tire 4.15 Rear-Wheel Steering Systems 3.1 Introduction 4.16 References 3.2 The Wheel Rim 3.3 Tire Size Designation Chapter 5 Suspension Systems and 3.4 Tire Construction Types Their Effects 3.5 Tire Properties with Reference to 5.1 An Introduction to Suspension Design Vehicle Braking 5.2 Suspension Systems in Common Use 3.6 Tire Properties with Reference to 5.3 Spring Function and Theory Vehicle Cornering 5.4 Energy Storage Capacities 3.7 Rolling Resistance 5.5 Spring Natural Frequencies Car Suspension and Handling Fourth Edition 5.6 Leaf Springs Chapter 8 Rear Suspensions 5.7 Torsion Bars and Coil Springs 8.1 Classification of Types 5.8 Coil Spring Rates 8.2 Live Rear Axles 5.9 Wishbone Suspensions—Effect on 8.3 De Dion Axles Wheel Rates 8.4 Dead Rear Axles for Front-Wheel 5.10 Gas Springs Drive Vehicles 5.11 Ride Height Control 8.5 Twist-Beam Rear Axles for Front- 5.12 Bump and Rebound Stops Wheel Drive Vehicles 5.13 Interaction of Front and Rear 8.6 Independent Rear Suspension Suspensions to Single Applied Systems—Swing Axles Disturbances 8.7 Independent Rear Suspension 5.14 Effect of Regularly Repeated Systems—Trailing and Semi-Trailing Disturbances Arms 5.15 Suspension Roll-Center Height 8.8 Independent Rear Suspension Determination Systems—Wishbones 5.16 Suspension Geometry for Anti-Dive 8.9 Independent Rear Suspension and Anti-Squat Systems—Multi-Link, and Strut and 5.17 Compliance—Effect on Road Noise Link and Harshness 8.10 References 5.18 References Chapter 9 Drive Layouts and Their Effects Chapter 6 Dampers 9.1 Drive Layouts 6.1 Types of Damping 9.2 Background to Front-Wheel Drive 6.2 Damping Effects on Vehicle Ride 9.3 Front-Drive Versus Rear-Drive Spectra Arguments 6.3 Damping Characteristics 9.4 Modern Design Priorities 6.4 Measurement of Damper 9.5 Mass Distribution Characteristics 9.6 Dynamic Characteristics 6.5 Hydraulic Dampers 9.7 Four-Wheel Drive 6.6 Types of Hydraulic Dampers 9.8 References 6.7 Lever-Arm Dampers 6.8 Telescopic Dampers Chapter 10 Advanced Suspension Systems 6.9 Other Arrangements— 10.1 Ride and Handling Limitations Hydropneumatic 10.2 Background to Advanced 6.10 Critical Damping Coefficients Suspensions 6.11 References 10.3 Interconnected Suspensions 10.4 Self-Leveling Suspensions Chapter 7 Front Suspensions 10.5 Adaptive Damping 7.1 Front Beam Axle—Reasons for 10.6 Active Attitude Control Decline in Use 10.7 Fully Active Suspension Systems 7.2 Independent Suspensions 10.8 Slow Active Suspension Systems 7.3 Significant Obsolete Systems 10.9 Electronic Stability Aids 7.4 Recent Independent Suspension 10.10 References Systems 7.5 Double Steering-Pivot Front Chapter 11 Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) Suspensions for Suspension 7.6 Friction in Strut and Link Type 11.1 Computer Use in Suspension Design Suspensions and Engineering 7.7 References 11.2 Structural Engineering Car Suspension and Handling Fourth Edition 11.3 Computer Aided Engineering A3.13 Effect of Weight Transference in for Suspension Kinematics and Cornering Compliance (K&C) A3.14 Sideways Forces—Effect of Influences 11.4 Computer Aided Engineering for Other than Lateral Acceleration Vehicle Dynamics A3.15 Cornering Behavior—Worked 11.5 Computer Aided Engineering for Noise Examples Analysis and Refinement Prediction A3.16 References 11.6 References Appendix 4 Suspension Calculations and Appendix 1 Disturbances and Structural Worked Examples Durability A4.1 Basic Suspension System A1.1 Designing and Developing for A4.2 Vibrations of Basic System— Durability Approximate Frequencies A1.2 Special Surfaces A4.3 True Frequency, Sprung Mass A1.3 Durability Cycles A4.4 True Frequency, Unsprung Mass A1.4 Laboratory Test Methods A4.5 Spring/Mass Systems—Worked A1.5 Road Load Data Examples A1.6 Powertrain Durability A4.6 Effect of Viscous Damping on Natural A1.7 References Frequency—Critical Damping A4.7 Effect of Damping on Forced Vibration Appendix 2 More on Tires Amplitudes A2.1 Introduction A4.8 Critical Damping—Worked Examples A2.2 Pneumatic Tires A4.9 Relative Pitch and Bounce A2.3 Tubeless Tires Frequencies—k2/ab Ratio A2.4 Rubber Compounds A4.10 Effect of k2/ab Ratio on Pitching A2.5 Tread Patterns Tendency A2.6 Extended Mobility Systems A4.11 k2/ab Ratio and Pitch Frequency A2.7 Non-Dimensional Tire Data A4.12 k2/ab Ratio about the Vertical Axis— A2.8 References Effect on Transient Behavior A4.13 k2/ab Ratio about the Vertical Axis— Appendix 3 Steering Calculations and Desirable Value Worked Examples A4.14 Pitch Excitation—Coupled A3.1 Steering Ball Joints Suspensions A3.2 Ball Pin Shank Fitting A4.15 Attitude Changes Due to Braking A3.3 Ball Joints—Provision of Friction A4.16 Attitude Changes Due to Traction A3.4 Steering Angles of Inner and Outer A4.17 Attitude Changes—Inboard Brakes Front Wheels and Independent Suspension at the A3.5 Different Inner and Outer Wheel Lock Drive End Angles A4.18 Percentage Anti-Dive and Anti- A3.6 Calculations for Independent Squat—Calculation Requirements Suspension Systems—Worked A4.19 Anti-Pitch Rate of Car Suspension— Examples Worked Examples A3.7 Torque Steer Components A4.20 Anti-Roll Rates A3.8 Inertia Torques Affecting Steering A4.21 Roll Angles in Cornering A3.9 Steering Geometry Errors, Bump, and A4.22 Moment of Inertia in Roll—Worked Rebound Examples A3.10 Incorrect Relative Lengths of Cross- A4.23 Mass Distribution Front and Rear Steering Tube and Linkage Arms A4.24 References A3.11 Incorrect Alignment of Steering Tube and Linkage Index A3.12 Inertia Torques Due to Fore and Aft Links—Worked Examples About the Authors.